BUCKWHEAT

either of two species (Fagopyrum esculentum, or sagittatum, and F. tataricum) of herbaceous plants and their edible seeds, which are used as a cereal grain. The kernels of the triangular shaped seeds are enclosed by a tough, dark brown or gray rind. The white flowers are pollinated by bees and other insects. Although the seeds are used as cereal, the plant is not one of the cereal grasses. Buckwheat is less productive than other grain crops on good soils but is particularly adapted to arid, hilly land and cool climates. Because it matures quickly, it can be grown as a late season crop. Buckwheat flowers provide both pollen and nectar for bees. The plants improve conditions for the cultivation of other crops by smothering weeds and may be planted as a green manure crop that is plowed under to improve the soil. Buckwheat is a staple grain crop in Ukraine, Belarus, and Poland; France, Canada, and the United States are also important producers. It is often used as a feed for poultry and other livestock, and in England it is considered especially suitable for feeding pheasants. It is high in carbohydrates and contains about 11 percent protein, 2 percent fat, and small amounts of vitamins B1 and B2. In eastern European cookery the hulled kernels, or groats, cooked and served much like rice, are called kasha, and in France they are called sayraisin. Buckwheat flour is unsatisfactory for bread, but it is used in the United States and Canada, alone or mixed with wheat flour, to make griddle cakes called buckwheat cakes.