BURT, SIR CYRIL

born March 3, 1883, Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, Eng. died Oct. 10, 1971, London in full Sir Cyril Lodowic Burt British psychologist known for his development of factor analysis in psychological testing and for his studies of the effect of heredity on intelligence and behaviour. Burt studied at the universities of Oxford and Wrzburg before becoming the first educational psychologist appointed by a governmental body in Britain, in 1913, a position that led to the first child-guidance clinic in England. He joined the faculty of the University of London in 1924 and served as professor of psychology at University College, London, from 1931 until his retirement in 1950. He continued to do research after his retirement, and he was knighted in 1946 (the first psychologist to be so honoured). In 1909 Burt published his experimental tests on general intelligence, in which he used factor analysis to define the kinds of factors at play in psychological testing (factor analysis involves the extraction of small numbers of independent factors from a large group of intercorrelated measurements). His method of factor analysis was fully presented in The Factors of the Mind (1940). Burt's studies convinced him that intelligence was primarily hereditary in origin, although social and environmental factors could play a secondary role in intellectual development. From the 1940s on, he published studies showing that levels of intelligence could be correlated with occupational levels among large groups of test subjects and that such intelligence levels were transmitted to these subjects' offspring. His data seemed to demonstrate that occupational levels (and hence social class) are determined mainly by innate, hereditary levels of intelligence. After Burt's death, striking anomalies in some of his test data led some scientists to reexamine his statistical methods. They concluded that Burt manipulated and probably falsified those IQ-test results that most convincingly supported his theories on transmitted intelligence and social class. The debate over his conduct continued, but all sides agreed that his later research was at least highly flawed, and many accepted that he fabricated some data. However, the soundness of his earlier work justified his reputation as the foremost pioneer of educational psychology in Britain. Additional reading Leon J. Kamin, The Science and Politics of I.Q. (1974), reviewed Burt's statistical methods and argued that his data was falsified or fabricated. L.S. Hearnshaw, Cyril Burt, Psychologist (1979), attacked Burt's methods, drawing on analysis of his statistics and on unpublished materials in his papers. Robert B. Joynson, The Burt Affair (1989); and Ronald Fletcher, Science, Ideology, and the Media: The Cyril Burt Scandal (1991), were written in response to Hearnshaw; both argued that while Burt was guilty of doing some sloppy science, charges of fraud could not be sustained. N.J. Mackintosh (ed.), Cyril Burt: Fraud or Framed? (1995), a collection of essays by psychologists or historians of psychology, reviewed the scientific evidence, Burt's statistical methods, his data, and the debate and concluded that Burt probably did knowingly fabricate data.