CADIZ

chartered city and port, northern Negros Island, Philippines. It is one of five chartered cities and one of the principal ports on the island where most of the country's sugar is grown and refined and where fishing is a major industry. Herring, anchovy, round scad, and mackerel are caught. Cadiz fronts north on the Visayan Sea and lies some 40 miles (65 km) northeast of the island's largest city, Bacolod, another major fishing port and sugar town. It is connected to Bacolod and other coastal cities by a road that nearly circles the island. Inc. city, 1967. Pop. (1989 est.) 140,278. provincia, in the comunidad autnoma (autonomous community) of Andalusia, southwestern Spain, fronting the Mediterranean Sea (southeast) and the Atlantic Ocean (west). It was formed in 1833 from districts taken from Seville. The enclave of Ceuta on the Moroccan coast was administratively part of Cdiz until 1995. The eastern part of the provincia is crossed by wooded spurs of the Baetic Cordillera, while the west-central part is a low plain crossed by the Guadalete and Barbate rivers and their tributaries. Along the coast are the marshy Janda Lagoon and numerous salt ponds that constitute the basis for one of the provincia's most important industries. The provincial coastline also has important harbours, including the Bays of Gibraltar and Cdiz. Point Tarifa (Point Marroqu), on the Strait of Gibraltar, is the southernmost cape on the European mainland. The mild climate and naturally fertile soil make fruit, vine, and olive growing the chief economic activities, though severe droughts often cause great distress. Jerez de la Frontera is famous for the production and export of sherry. Cork is obtained from the mountain forests, and fish are caught off the coast and salted for export. Much salt is obtained by evaporation of seawater in pans near Cdiz city. Apart from Cdiz (q.v.), the provincial capital, important urban centres are Algeciras, Tarifa, Jerez de la Frontera, and Rota. Railway communication is limited in the west to a line from Seville to Cdiz, with branch lines from Sanlcar de Barrameda to Jerez and El Puerto de Santa Mara, and in the east to a line from Seville to Algeciras. Area 2,851 square miles (7,385 square km). Pop. (1996 est.) 1,105,762. city, capital and principal seaport of Cdiz provincia, in the comunidad autnoma (autonomous community) of Andalusia, southwestern Spain, on a long narrow peninsula extending into the Gulf of Cdiz (an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean). With a 6- to 7-mile (9.5- to 11-kilometre) circumference, hemmed in by the sea from which it is protected by walls, the city has only one land exit. Traditionally founded as Gadir (meaning an enclosure) by Phoenician merchants from Tyre as early as 1100 BC, it was occupied by the Carthaginians about 501 BC. Credence was given to the city's Phoenician origins by the discovery in 1980 and earlier of Phoenician sarcophagi at two separate sites. At the close of the Second Punic War the city willingly surrendered to Rome, and from that time, as Gades, its prosperity steadily increased. A Roman theatre, one of the oldest and best-preserved in Spain, was discovered in the suburb of Ppolo in 1980. In the 5th century the city was destroyed by the Visigoths. Moorish rule over the port, which was renamed Jazirat Qadis, lasted from 711 until 1262, when Cdiz was captured and rebuilt by Alfonso X of Castile. Its renewed prosperity dated from the discovery of America in 1492, when it became the headquarters of the Spanish treasure fleets. During the 16th century it repelled a series of raids by Barbary corsairs; in 1587 its harbour shipping was burned by an English squadron under Sir Francis Drake. After being blockaded (179798) and bombarded (1800) by the British, it was besieged by the French in 181012, during which time it served as the capital of all Spain not under the control of Napoleon. There the Cortes (Spanish parliament) met and proposed the famous liberal constitution of March 1812, which led to the 1820 revolution. The loss of the Spanish colonies in the Americas dealt a blow to the trade of Cdiz from which it never recovered. Its decline was later accelerated by the disasters of the Spanish-American War of 1898 and by its antiquated harbour works. After 1900, considerable improvements were made in quayside construction, and recovery proceeded steadily. In the Spanish Civil War of 193639 Cdiz fell to the Nationalists almost at once and served as an important port of entry for reinforcements from Spanish Morocco. In 1947 the city suffered great damage from the explosion of a naval arms store. Industrial development is rather limited, but important naval and mercantile shipbuilding yards and various factories exist on the mainland, and there are tuna fisheries off the coast. The city is primarily a commercial port, exporting wine (principally sherry from Jerez de la Frontera), salt, olives, figs, corks, and salted fish; and importing coal, iron and machinery, timber, cereals, coffee, and other foodstuffs. Several shipping lines call there, and passenger traffic is important. A military airfield and a Spanish-U.S. air base are nearby. Notable landmarks include the old cathedral, originally built by Alfonso X of Castile (125284) and rebuilt after 1596; and the Baroque cathedral, begun in 1722 and completed in 1838, where the composer Manuel de Falla (18761946) is buried. It also holds a magnificent collection of art treasures. Other landmarks include San Sebastin and Santa Catalina castles, numerous museums, and the famous Torre de Viga (100 feet ), a signal tower in the centre of the city. Pop. (1982 est.) 146,048.