CADMIUM

(Cd), chemical element, metal of Group IIb, or the zinc group, of the periodic table. Properties, occurrence, and uses. Silver-white and capable of taking a high polish, cadmium is nearly as soft as tin and like tin emits a crackling sound when bent; it can be rolled out into sheets. Cadmium melts and boils at relatively low temperatures; its vapour is deep yellow and monatomic. The metal is permanent in dry air, becomes coated with the oxide in moist air, burns on heating to redness, and is readily soluble in mineral acids. Poisoning results from the inhalation of vapour or dust of cadmium. Friedrich Stromeyer, a German chemist, discovered the element (1817) in a sample of zinc carbonate, and, in the same year, K.S.L. Hermann and J.C.H. Roloff found cadmium in a specimen of zinc oxide. Both zinc compounds were being examined because their purity as pharmaceuticals was suspect. A rare element (about 0.2 gram per ton in the Earth's crust), cadmium occurs in a few minerals and in small quantities in other ores, especially zinc ores, from which it is produced as a by-product. Most cadmium is recovered from the fumes eliminated during the sintering of zinc concentrates, from the dust collected from the gases leaving lead blast furnaces, and from various residues produced during the electrolytic refining of zinc. Most cadmium produced is electroplated onto steel, iron, copper, brass, and other alloys to protect them from corrosion. Cadmium plating is especially resistant to attack by alkali. Some is used as the anode material in rechargeable storage batteries in which the oxide of nickel or silver is the cathode. Cadmium unites with many heavy metals to yield alloys; the most important are bearing alloys and low-melting alloys used for soldering and brazing. Because it efficiently absorbs thermal neutrons, it is used in control rods for some nuclear reactors. Natural cadmium is a mixture of eight isotopes: 106Cd (1.2 percent), 108Cd (0.9 percent), 110Cd (12.4 percent), 111Cd (12.8 percent), 112Cd (24.0 percent), 113Cd (12.3 percent), 114Cd (28.8 percent), and 116Cd (7.6 percent).