CALDERN, RODRIGO, CONDE (COUNT) DE OLIVA, MARQUS (MARQ

born 1576?, Antwerp [now in Belgium] died Oct. 21, 1621, Madrid, Spain Spanish royal favourite, who enjoyed considerable authority during the ascendancy of the Duke de Lerma in the reign of Philip III. Caldern was the son of an army officer. On the accession (1598) of Philip III, he attached himself to the king's favourite and chief minister, Lerma, by whom he was employed as a secretary. Intelligent and capable, he soon distinguished himself and was repeatedly honoured by the king. There seems little doubt that Caldern exploited his influence for private gain, and he became the main target for the anti-Lerma opposition, headed by the queen, Margarita, for whose death in 1611 he was unjustifiably alleged by his enemies to have been responsible. The position of Caldern, who was awarded his marquessate in 1614 on returning from a special mission to Flanders, remained strong until Lerma's fall in October 1618. He was then arrested, tortured, and implicated in the murder of a certain Francisco Xuara. After spending more than two years in prison, he was about to be released when Philip III died. This proved fatal for Caldern, for Gaspar de Guzmn, Count de Olivares, the chief minister of the new king (Philip IV), wishing to disassociate his government from the previous regime, caused Caldern's execution. The Spanish saying Tener ms orgullo que don Rodrigo en la horca (To be haughtier than Don Rodrigo on the scaffold) derived from his behaviour on that occasion.