CANDRA GUPTA

also called Maurya (reigned c. 321c. 297 BC), founder of the Maurya dynasty and the first emperor to unify most of India under one administration. Credited with saving the country from maladministration and freeing it from foreign domination, he fasted to death in sorrow for his famine-stricken people. Candra Gupta was born into a family left destitute by the death of his father, chief of the migrant Mauryas, in a border fray. His maternal uncles left him with a cowherd who brought him up as his own son. Later, he was sold to a hunter to tend cattle. Purchased by a Brahman politician, Canakya (also called Kautilya), he was taken to Taxila (now in Pakistan), where he received an education in military tactics and the aesthetic arts. Tradition states that while he slept, following a meeting with Alexander the Great, a lion began licking his body, gently waking him and prompting in him hopes of royal dignity. With Canakya advising, he collected mercenary soldiers, secured public support, and ended the autocracy of the Nanda dynasty in a bloody battle against forces led by their commander in chief, Bhaddasala. Ascending the throne of the Magadha kingdom, in modern Bihar, in about 325 BC, Candra Gupta destroyed the sources of Nanda power and eliminated opponents through well-planned administrative schemes that included an effective secret service. When Alexander died in 323, his last two representatives in India returned home, leaving Candra Gupta to win the Punjab c. 322. The following year, as emperor of Magadha and ruler of the Punjab, he began the Maurya dynasty. Expanding his empire to the borders of Persia, he c. 305 defeated an invasion by Seleucus I Nicator, a Greek contender for control of Alexander's Asian empire. Candra Gupta then extended his empire beyond the barriers of the Vindhya Range to the south, subduing the whole of India with an army of 600,000 men. Ranging from the Himalaya Mountains and the Kabul valley (in modern Afghanistan) to the southern tip of India, Candra Gupta's Indian Empire was one of history's most extensive. Its continuation for at least two generations is attributable in part to his establishment of an excellent administration patterned after that of the Persian Achaemenid dynasty (559330 BC) and after Canakya's text on politics, Arthasastra. Traditionally, Candra Gupta was influenced to accept Jainism by the sage Bhadrabahu, who predicted the onset of a 12-year famine. When the famine came, Candra Gupta made efforts to counter it, but, dejected by the tragic conditions prevailing, left to spend his last days in the service of Bhadrabahu at Sravana Belgola, a famous religious site in southwest India, where Candra Gupta fasted to death.