CARBONDALE

city, Lackawanna county, northeastern Pennsylvania, U.S., on the Lackawanna River. Located in a mountain resort region, it is 16 miles (26 km) northeast of the city of Scranton. Settlers first arrived in the area in the early 1800s. The brothers William and Maurice Wurts, who were coal prospectors, discovered coal there in 1814. Previously known as Ragged Island and Barrendale, the site was renamed Carbondale in 1822 for the successful open-pit coal-mining operations established by the Wurtses there. The need for coal transport spurred the development of the Delaware and Hudson Canal (1825) and a gravity railroad, from Carbondale to Honesdale. The Stourbridge Lion (now in the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.), the first steam locomotive to operate on a railway in the United States, made its initial run on that line August 8, 1829, but proved impractical. Hauling via horses and mules was resumed. In June 1831 the nation's first underground anthracite mine was opened at Carbondale. With the decline of the coalfields, economic emphasis was switched to light industry. The Elk Mountain Ski Center is 12 miles (19 km) north. Inc. 1831. Pop. (1990) 10,664; (1998 est.) 9,631. city, Jackson County, southern Illinois, U.S., at the northern edge of the Illinois Ozarks. Founded in 1852 after the arrival of the Illinois Central Railroad, and named for the local coalfields, it developed as a mining and agricultural centre. Its growth was boosted by the opening in 1869 of a normal school (since 1947, Southern Illinois University). Gen. John A. Logan, commander in chief of the Grand Army of the Republic, issued the order in Carbondale (1868) designating May 30 as Memorial (Decoration) Day. Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge, Shawnee National Forest, and Giant City State Park are nearby. Inc. 1856. Pop. (1990) 27,033.