CHANCELLOR

in western Europe, the title of holders of numerous offices of varying importance, mainly secretarial, legal, administrative, and ultimately political in nature. The Roman cancellarii, minor legal officials who stood by the cancellus, or bar, separating the tribune from the public, were later employed in the imperial scrinia (writing departments). After the fall of the empire, the succeeding barbarian rulers copied Roman administrative practice; thus it came about that the writing offices of medieval territorial rulers, both secular and ecclesiastical, were presided over by a chancellor (sometimes an archchancellor, or a vice-chancellor). Until about the 13th century, few people besides priests, clerks, and monks were literate, and the chancellor was thus an ecclesiastic. As keeper of the great seal used to authenticate royal documents, the chancellor became, in most medieval kingdoms, the most powerful official. The office was finally abolished in Austria (1806), in France (1848), and in Spain (1873). In England no chancellor wielded primatial political power after Cardinal Wolsey; the lord high chancellor is now, as head of the judiciary and president of the House of Lords, a member of the Cabinet. In Germany from 1871 and in Austria from 1918, the title Kanzler (chancellor) has been held by the prime minister. The title chancellor is also the name in many countries of the heads of small archive offices, of the heads of universities, and of some orders of chivalry. In England the member of the Cabinet in charge of finance is called the chancellor of the Exchequer; another Cabinet member, the chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster, is a minister without departmental responsibility whose title derives from that of the official originally employed by the crown to manage the palatine duchy of Lancaster.