CHELATE

any of a class of coordination or complex compounds consisting of a central metal atom attached to a large molecule, called a ligand, in a cyclic or ring structure. An example of a chelate is the ethylenediamine-cadmium(II) complex: The ethylenediamine ligand has two points of attachment to the cadmium ion, thus forming a ring; it is known as a bidentate ligand. Ligands that can attach to the same metal ion at two or more points are known as polydentate ligands. All polydentate ligands are chelating agents. Chelates are more stable than nonchelated compounds of comparable composition, and the more extensive the chelationthat is, the larger the number of ring closures to a metal atomthe more stable the compound. This phenomenon is called the chelate effect; it is generally attributed to an increase in the thermodynamic quantity called entropy that accompanies chelation. The stability of a chelate is also related to the number of atoms in the chelate ring. In general, chelates containing five- or six-membered rings are more stable than chelates with four-, seven-, or eight-membered rings. In medical practice, chelating agents, particularly salts of EDTA, or edetic (ethylenediaminetetraacetic) acid, are widely used for direct treatment of metal poisoning because they bind the toxic metal ions more strongly than do the vulnerable components of the living organism. Chelating agents are also employed as extractants in industrial and laboratory separation of metals and as metal-ion buffers and indicators in analytical chemistry. Many commercial dyes and a number of biological substances, including chlorophyll and hemoglobin, are chelate compounds.