CHESAPEAKE

independent city, southeastern Virginia, U.S. It lies along the Elizabeth River on the Tidewater coastal plain, adjacent to Suffolk, Portsmouth, Norfolk, and Virginia Beach, and extends southward from Hampton Roads (natural roadstead) to the North Carolina border. Formed as an independent city in 1963 by a merger of the city of South Norfolk (incorporated 1919) and Norfolk county (created 1636), it is the largest (353 square miles [914 square km]) city in area in the state and among the largest in the country, encompassing sections of farmland and portions of the Great Dismal Swamp. The area, once the home of the Chesapeake Indians, was settled by colonists in the early 1630s. During the U.S. War of Independence, British and American forces clashed in the area in December 1775 in the battle of Great Bridge. Although Union troops occupied and destroyed parts of the Chesapeake area during the American Civil War, it soon recovered and urban development began by the early 1900s. Crisscrossed by inland waterways, Chesapeake has port facilities and is a major oil-storage centre. Its manufactures include steel products, cement, fertilizer, and lumber. Nursery, greenhouse, and truck-farm produce contribute to the economy. Nearby is Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge (1974), covering an area about 167 square miles (433 square km) of forested wetlands. Pop. (1990) 151,982; (1998 est.) 199,564.