CHICAGO

rock band, among the most popular American recording artists of all time, with sales of more than 100 million records. Initially a jazz-rock unit, Chicago thrived as it moved toward a lighter, ballad-oriented rock style. Its original members were Terry Kath (b. Jan. 31, 1946, Chicago, Ill., U.S.- d. Jan. 23, 1978, Los Angeles, Calif.), Peter Cetera (b. Sept. 13, 1944, Chicago), Robert Lamm (b. Oct. 13, 1944, New York, N.Y.), Walter Parazaider (b. March 14, 1945, Chicago), Danny Seraphine (b. Aug. 28, 1948, Chicago), James Pankow (b. Aug. 20, 1947, Chica), and Lee Loughnane (b. Oct. 21, 1946, Chicago). Called the Chicago Transit Authority before shortening its name to that of the city in which it was founded in 1967, Chicago distinguished itself from other rock bands of the late 1960s by the inclusion of horns in its lineup. The band's early albums, including its debut, Chicago Transit Authority (1969)-made after the group relocated to Los Angeles-were resonant with soul-inflected jazz influences. By the early 1970s principal songwriters Cetera, Lamm, and Pankow and producer-manager James Guercio began to steer Chicago in a more pop-oriented direction. A series of hit albums over the next decade featured Top Ten songs such as "Does Anybody Really Know What Time It Is?" and "Saturday in the Park." In the late 1970s, following the death of guitarist Kath, Chicago slumped; the band topped the charts again in the '80s with hits such as "Hard to Say I'm Sorry," though it failed to maintain that momentum in the '90s. Vocalist Cetera also experienced some success as a soloist. city, seat of Cook county, northeastern Illinois, U.S. Located on the southwestern tip of Lake Michigan, Chicago became the main transshipment centre for the grain and livestock of the growing Midwest in the 19th century. In the 20th century it remained the leading transportation, commercial, and industrial centre of the north-central United States. Chicago was long the second largest American city in population (after New York City), but in 1982 it dropped to third, having been supplanted in this regard by Los Angeles. Chicago meets its suburbs in a ragged pattern of boundaries on the north, west, and south, while on the east the curving lakefront trends northwest and southeast along a narrow lakeside strip. The lakeshore is the city's prime scenic resource, and to a degree unusual among the world's metropolises it has been largely preserved as parkland, open space, and beach. The entire mass of the metropolitan area reaches out over the former prairie, spilling over city limits into a continually expanding belt of suburbs and industrial satellites. Parks and forest preserves are scattered throughout the area. The city's site is generally level, built mostly on a postglacial plain. The narrow Chicago River extends one mile inland from Lake Michigan, where it splits, dividing the city into North, West, and South sides. Chicago's climate is subject to rapid fluctuation. The lake mitigates extremes for nearby areas, but overall the climate is cold and windy in winter and hot in summer. Occasional heavy snows contribute to the annual precipitation of about 33 inches (838 mm). Many ethnic and racial groups form more or less homogeneous communities within the city; the diverse population includes blacks, the descendants of immigrants from eastern and western Europe, Spanish-speaking peoples of Latin-American origin, and a variety of Middle Easterners and Asians. Chicago's geographic location as a transportation link between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River system made its importance in trade and industry almost inevitable. Because Lake Michigan extends so far south, railways running east-west across the Midwest tended to converge at the lake's southern tip and thus helped make Chicago the largest railway centre in the United States from the late 1850s. The Chicago metropolitan area remains an important focus of economic activity in the interior of North America, although it has suffered from the migration of some industry to the Sun Belt states of the southern United States. The Chicago region's diversified manufacturing includes steel, metal products, food products and confections, chemicals, and communications equipment and electronic goods. Chicago is also a major printing and publishing centre. Commerce and its related activities include trading in commodities and financial futures on the Chicago Board of Trade and the Chicago Mercantile Exchange. Trade shows, conventions, and fairs attract retailers and wholesalers nationwide. Chicago is the site of a Federal Reserve Bank (1914), many large private banks, insurance companies, and the Chicago Stock Exchange (from 1949 to 1993, the Midwest Stock Exchange). Chicago's striking skyline, stretching along the lakeside express artery, Lake Shore Drive, and spacious Michigan Avenue, contains some of the world's tallest buildings. The city's downtown area entered a building boom in the mid-1950s. North Michigan Avenue's commercially elegant "Magnificent Mile" is dominated by the 100-story John Hancock Center. More recently built commercial and residential complexes add further interest to the city skyline. To the southwest is the 110-story Sears Tower. Chicago was the birthplace of the steel-frame skyscraper in the late 19th century. The city's notable architectural heritage includes designs by Daniel H. Burnham, Louis Sullivan, William Le Baron Jenney, Frank Lloyd Wright, and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. Among its cultural institutions are the Art Institute of Chicago, the Chicago Cultural Center, the Field Museum of Natural History, the Adler Planetarium, the Shedd Aquarium, and the Museum of Science and Industry. Chicago has mainstream and avant-garde companies for theatre and dance. The city is the birthplace and chief centre of urban blues music, and the Chicago Symphony Orchestra and Lyric Opera are world-renowned. Among Chicago's educational institutions are the University of Chicago, the Chicago campus of Northwestern University, Illinois Institute of Technology, Loyola University, DePaul University, and the University of Illinois at Chicago. The metropolitan area's mass-transit system includes buses, elevated and subway lines, and commuter railroad lines to the suburbs; a freeway system extends in all directions. The city is a major inland port and railroad hub. O'Hare International Airport is supplemented by the smaller Midway Airport for domestic and private flights. Area city, 228 square miles (591 square km). Pop. (1992 est.) city, 2,832,901; Chicago PMSA, 7,541,468; (1990) Chicago-Gary-Lake County CMSA, 8,065,633. city, seat of Cook county, northern Illinois, U.S. Located on the southwestern tip of Lake Michigan, Chicago became the main transshipment centre for the grain and livestock of the Midwest in the 19th century. In the 20th century it remained the leading transportation, commercial, and industrial centre of the north-central United States. Until the 1830s a minor trading post at a swampy river mouth near the southwestern tip of Lake Michigan, Chicago made use of its strategic location as the interior land and water hub of the expanding United States to become the centre of one of the world's richest industrial and commercial complexes. It is the third most populous city and metropolitan area in the United States. Chicago's achievements are distinctly characteristic of the country as a whole, and its problems are the problems of the modern United States; in a sense it may be-as a series of observers has called it-the typical American city. The relations between this youthful city and its rural environment are also noteworthy. Throughout its history, Chicago and the surrounding counties of what became its metropolitan area, now containing about two-thirds of the population of Illinois, have existed as almost a separate entity-politically, socially, and spiritually-from largely rural "Downstate" Illinois. The attitudes and lives of the early settlers in and around the burgeoning city, mainly from the Northeastern states or from Europe, were in contrast to those of Downstaters, many of whom came from Appalachian or Southern states. While Chicago was, for example, a major supplier of goods and manpower to the Union during the Civil War, in southern Illinois there was an unsuccessful but strong movement toward secession and alliance with the Confederacy. This alienation continues to plague the political and social life of both the city and the state. Additional reading General works include Irving Cutler, Chicago: Metropolis of the Mid-Continent, 3rd ed. (1982); Irving Cutler (ed.), The Chicago Metropolitan Area: Selected Geographic Readings (1970); Federal Writers' Project, Illinois (1939, reissued 1979); and Harry Hansen, The Chicago (1942), in the Rivers of America series. Chicago (monthly) provides articles of local interest and reviews of cultural and entertainment events in the region.Historical development of the city and region are detailed in Bessie Louise Pierce, A History of Chicago, 3 vol. (1937-57, reissued 1975); Homer Hoyt, One Hundred Years of Land Values in Chicago: The Relationship of the Growth of Chicago to the Rise in Its Land Values, 1830-1933 (1933, reissued 1970); Harold M. Mayer and Richard C. Wade, Chicago: Growth of a Metropolis (1969); William Cronon, Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West (1991), a history of ecological change; and Daniel Bluestone, Constructing Chicago (1991), a new look at Chicago's physical development before World War I. Daniel H. Burnham and Edward H. Bennett, Plan of Chicago (1909, reissued 1993), details a vision of the development of the city. Michael H. Ebner, Creating Chicago's North Shore (1988); and Ann Durkin Keating, Building Chicago (1988), are two histories of suburban development. Aspects of Chicago history are covered in Herman Kogan and Robert Cromie, The Great Fire: Chicago, 1871 (1971); Ross Miller, American Apocalypse: The Great Fire and the Myth of Chicago (1990), an account of Chicago's redevelopment following the fire of 1871, with a focus on the literature and architecture of that period; Harold L. Platt, The Electric City (1991), a history of the electrification of Chicago and its effect on urban development; and Lois Wille, Forever Open, Clear, and Free: The Struggle for Chicago's Lakefront, 2nd ed. (1991).Ethnic aspects are covered in Chicago Dept. Of Development And Planning, Historic City: The Settlement of Chicago (1976); Melvin G. Holli and Peter D'A. Jones (eds.), Ethnic Chicago, rev. and expanded (1984); and Gregory D. Squires et al., Chicago: Race, Class, and the Response to Urban Decline (1987).Materials on Chicago politics and government include Lloyd Lewis and Henry Justin Smith, Chicago: The History of Its Reputation (1929); Peter H. Rossi and Robert A. Dentler, The Politics of Urban Renewal: The Chicago Findings (1961, reprinted 1981); Martin Meyerson and Edward C. Banfield, Politics, Planning, and the Public Interest: The Case of Public Housing in Chicago (1955, reissued 1964); Mike Royko, Boss (1971, reissued 1988), an attack on the Democratic Party organization of Mayor Richard J. Daley; and Samuel K. Gove and Louis H. Masotti (eds.), After Daley: Chicago Politics in Transition (1982), an anthology of scholarly papers. Paul Kleppner, Chicago Divided: The Making of a Black Mayor (1985); and Gary Rivlin, Fire on the Prairie: Chicago's Harold Washington and the Politics of Race (1992), are two studies of political change resulting in the election of Chicago's first black mayor.The city's architectural heritage is covered in Carl W. Condit, The Chicago School of Architecture (1964, reissued 1975), on the years 1875-1925, Chicago, 1910-29: Building, Planning, and Urban Technology (1973), and Chicago, 1930-70: Building, Planning, and Urban Technology (1974); and two exhibition catalogs: John Zukowsky (ed.), Chicago Architecture, 1872-1922: Birth of a Metropolis (1987), and Chicago Architecture and Design, 1923-1993: Reconfiguration of an American Metropolis (1993), with substantive essays and many illustrations. Ira J. Bach and Susan Wolfson, Chicago on Foot: Walking Tours of Chicago's Architecture, 5th ed., completely rev. and updated (1994); Ira J. Bach and Roy Forrey (eds.), Chicago's Famous Buildings: A Photographic Guide to the City's Architectural Landmarks and Other Notable Buildings, 3rd ed., rev. and enlarged (1980); and Alice Sinkevitch (ed.), AIA Guide to Chicago (1993), are illustrated guides to representative urban structures and better-known architectural sites. Dominic A. Pacyga and Ellen Skerrett, Chicago, City of Neighborhoods: Histories & Tours (1986), combines history, ethnic interest, and architecture. Harold M. Mayer The Editors of the Encyclopdia Britannica