CHRETIEN DE TROYES

flourished 1165-80 French poet who is known as the author of five Arthurian romances: Erec; Cligs; Lancelot, ou Le Chevalier la charrette; Yvain, ou Le Chevalier au lion; and Perceval, ou Le Conte du Graal. The non-Arthurian tale Guillaume d'Angleterre, based on the legend of St. Eustace, may also have been written by Chrtien. Little is known of Chrtien's life. He apparently frequented the court of Marie, comtesse de Champagne, and he may have visited England. His tales, written in the vernacular, followed the appearance in France of Wace's Roman de Brut (1155), a translation of Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia regum Britanniae, which introduced Britain and the Arthurian legend to continental Europe. Chrtien's romances were imitated almost immediately by other French poets and were translated and adapted frequently during the next few centuries as the romance continued to develop as a narrative form. Erec, for example, supplied some of the material for the 14th-century poem Sir Gawayne and the Grene Knight. Chrtien's romances combine separate adventures into a well-knit story. Erec is the tale of the submissive wife who proves her love for her husband by disobeying his commands; Cligs, that of the victim of a marriage made under constraint who feigns death and wakens to a new and happy life with her lover; Lancelot, an exaggerated but perhaps parodic treatment of the lover who is servile to the god of love and to his imperious mistress Guinevere, wife of his overlord Arthur; Yvain, a brilliant extravaganza, combining the theme of a widow's too hasty marriage to her husband's slayer with that of the new husband's fall from grace and final restoration to favour. Perceval, which Chrtien left unfinished, unites the religious theme of the Holy Grail with fantastic adventure. Chrtien was the initiator of the sophisticated courtly romance. Deeply versed in contemporary rhetoric, he treated love casuistically and in a humorously detached fashion, bringing folklore themes and love situations together in an Arthurian world of adventure. Interest in his works, at first concentrated on their folklore sources, was diverted during the 20th century to their structure and narrative technique. See also Arthurian legend.