COCKFIGHTING

the sport of pitting gamecocks to fight and the breeding and training of them for that purpose. The game fowl is probably the nearest to the Indian red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus), from which all domestic chickens are believed to be descended. The sport was popular in ancient times in India, China, Persia, and other Eastern countries and was introduced into Greece in the time of Themistocles (c. 524460 BC). The sport spread throughout Asia Minor and Sicily. For a long time the Romans affected to despise this Greek diversion but ended by adopting it so enthusiastically that the agricultural writer Columella (1st century AD) complained that its devotees often spent their whole patrimony in betting at the side of the pit. From Rome the sport spread northward. Although opposed by the Christian clergy, it nevertheless became popular in the Low Countries, Italy, Germany, Spain and its colonies, and throughout England, Wales, and Scotland. Occasionally, authorities tried to repress it, but cockfighting remained a favourite pastime of the English royalty and gentry from the early 16th century to the 19th century. Cockfighting pits were circular with a matted stage about 20 feet (6 metres) in diameter and surrounded by a barrier to keep the birds from falling off. The mains (matches) usually consisted of fights between an agreed number of pairs of birds, the majority of victories deciding the main, but there were two other varieties that aroused the particular ire of moralists. These were the battle royalin which a number of birds were set (i.e., placed in the pit at the same time) and allowed to remain until all but one, the victor, were killed or disabledand the Welsh mainin which eight pairs were matched, the eight victors being again paired, then four, and finally the last surviving pair. Cockfighting was introduced into the North American colonies at an early date, but it was soon forbidden by some of the older states; Massachusetts passed laws against cruelty in 1836. Cockfighting was prohibited by law in Great Britain in 1849. The sport is expressly prohibited in Canada, and in most states of the U.S. it is specifically forbidden or is repressed by general laws for the prevention of cruelty to animals. Although cockfighting ceased as a public sport in the U.S., Canada, and the British Isles, it continued to exist privately in those countries. In the United States the sport was extremely popular along the Atlantic seaboard and in the South. Cockfighting is not recognized as a form of sport by the Latin-American countries in general, although it persists in several areas. Paraguay prohibited it by law. In Cuba, however, cockfighting continued to be regulated by the government until curtailed by the Castro regime in 1959. The sport became popular in Haiti, Mexico, and Puerto Rico, an important cockfighting centre. Those who enjoy cockfighting insist that theirs is an amateurnot a professionalsport and that the greatest zest to be obtained from it lies in the many chances to gamble before and throughout a fight. Odds against one bird or the other fluctuate constantly, and it is not uncommon for a great deal of money to be wagered. Cocks usually are put to the main when between one and two years of age. Before their entrance into the fighting pit, they are given intensive training. Before a fight, spurs of metal or bone are slipped over the natural spurs of the gamecocks. The modern short spur is 1 1/2 inches (4 centimetres) or less in length; the longer spur scales from 2 to 2 1/2 inches (5 to 6 centimetres). In ancient times, cocks were permitted to fight until one or the other was killed. Later, although some fights still are to an absolute finish, rules have sometimes permitted the withdrawal at any time of a badly damaged cock. Other rules fix a time limit for each fight. On rare occasions when a gamecock refuses to fight longer, his handler puts him breast to breast with the other bird. If he still refuses, it is ruled that he has quit and the fight ends. At all mains, the judge's word is absolute law, even as to gambling. There is no appeal from his decisions.