CORN

also called Indian Corn, or Maize (Zea mays), in agriculture, cereal plant of the tribe Maydeae of the grass family Gramineae (Poaceae), originating in the Americas, and its edible grain. Since its introduction into Europe by Columbus and other explorers, corn has spread to all areas of the world suitable to its cultivation. Indians in the Americas taught colonists to grow the indigenous grains, which included some varieties of yellow corn that are still popular as food as well as varieties with red, blue, pink, and black kernels, often banded, spotted, or striped, that are regarded in modern times as ornamental. In the United States these variegated strains, traditionally used in autumn harvest decorations, are called Indian corn. In Great Britain, all maize grain is called Indian corn, in allusion to its origins. The tall, annual grass has a stout, erect, solid stem and large narrow leaves with wavy margins, spaced alternately on opposite sides of the stem. Staminate (male) flowers are borne on the tassel terminating the main axis of the stem. The pistillate inflorescence, maturing to become the ear, is a spike with a thickened axis, bearing paired spikelets in longitudinal rows, each row of paired spikelets normally producing two rows of grain. The spike is enclosed by modified leaves, called shucks or husks. Commercial classifications, based mainly on kernel texture, include dent corn, flint corn, flour corn, sweet corn, and popcorn. Dent corn is characterized by a depression in the crown of the kernel caused by unequal drying of the hard and soft starch making up the kernel. Flint corn, containing little soft starch, has no depression. Flour corn, composed largely of soft starch, has soft, mealy, easily ground kernels. Sweet corn has wrinkled, translucent seeds; the plant sugar is not converted to starch as in other types. Popcorn, an extreme type of flint corn characterized by small, hard kernels, is devoid of soft starch, and heating causes the moisture in the cells to expand, making the kernels explode. Improvements in corn have resulted from hybridization, based on crossbreeding of superior inbred strains. Corn is used as livestock feed, as human food, and as raw material in industry. Although it is a major food in many parts of the world, it is inferior to other cereals in nutritional value. Its protein is of poor quality, and it is deficient in niacin. Diets in which it predominates often result in pellagra (niacin-deficiency disease). Its gluten (elastic protein) is of comparatively poor quality, and it is not used to produce leavened bread. It is widely used, however, in Latin-American cuisine to make masa, a kind of dough used in such staple foods as tortillas, the round, thin cakes used as bread. In the United States, corn is boiled or roasted on the cob, creamed, converted into hominy (hulled kernels) or meal, and cooked in corn puddings, mush, polenta, griddle cakes, corn bread, and scrapple. It is also used for popcorn, confections, and various manufactured cereal preparations. Inedible parts of the corn plant are used in industry. Stalks are made into paper and wallboard; husks are used as filling material; cobs are used for fuel, to make charcoal, and in the preparation of industrial solvents. Corn grain is processed by wet milling, in which the grain is soaked in a dilute solution of sulfurous acid; by dry milling, in which the corn is exposed to a water spray or steam; and by fermentation, in which cornstarches are changed to sugars, and yeast is employed to convert the sugars into alcohol. Corn husks also have a long history of use in the folk arts for objects such as woven amulets and corn-husk dolls. Corn is one of the most widely distributed of the world's food plants; it is exceeded in acreage planted only by wheat. It is grown from 58 N latitude in Canada and Russia to 40 S latitude in South America, with a corn crop maturing somewhere in the world every month of the year. It is the most important crop in the United States, which produces about half the world's total. Nearly two-fifths of the U.S. crop is exported annually. China ranks second in average production, followed by Brazil, Mexico, and Argentina. in skin disease, horny thickening of the skin on the foot or toes, produced by repeated friction or pressure. Extensive proliferation of the stratum corneum, the horny layer of the epidermis, results in a conical callus with its broad end on the surface and its point directed inward; the dense centre of this cone presses on sensory nerves, causing pain when direct pressure is applied. The corn's surface is usually hard and shiny, but corns between the toes may be soft and soggy from perspiration. Corns are treated by applying plasters of salicylic or dichloroacetic acid to the site after the core has been removed and the callus pared. They are likely to recur, however, unless the source of friction or pressure is eliminated by a change in footwear or in walking habits. Long-lasting corns may produce a bony spur that must be removed surgically.