COTOPAXI

volcanic peak, in the Cordillera (mountains) Central of the Andes, central Ecuador. Rising to 19,347 feet (5,897 m), it is the world's highest continuously active volcano. Cotopaxi has an almost perfectly symmetrical cone, interrupted only by one minor conethe Cabeza del Inca (Inca's Head). The mountain has a long record of violent eruption and has seldom remained quiescent for more than 15 years. The terrain around the mountain's base has many times been devastated by earthquakes or been buried in pumice and ash blown out of the crater. Lava that boils constantly in its crater emits plumes of steam. The mountain itself is built up of alternating flows of dark-coloured trachytic lava and falls of lighter-coloured ash. The crater at the top is 2,300 feet (700 m) in diameter from north to south and 1,650 feet (500 m) from east to west. Its depth is 1,200 feet (366 m). Much of the time the cone of Cotopaxi is hidden by clouds that are lighted up at night by the fires in the crater. The base of the volcano stands on open mountain grassland, but the whole upper part of the mountain is covered with permanent snow. The first European to attempt an ascent of Cotopaxi was Alexander von Humboldt in 1802. He failed to reach the top and pronounced the mountain unclimbable. Other failures in 1831 and 1858 seemed to confirm this verdict. But in 1872 the German scientist and traveler Wilhelm Reiss succeeded in reaching the top on November 28, and in May of the following year A. Stbel was also successful.