COUNSELING

also called Guidance, the process of helping an individual discover and develop his educational, vocational, and psychological potentialities and thereby to achieve an optimal level of personal happiness and social usefulness. The concept of counseling is essentially democratic in that the assumptions underlying its theory and practice are, first, that each individual has the right to shape his own destiny and, second, that the relatively mature and experienced members of the community are responsible for ensuring that each person's choice shall serve both his own interests and those of the society to which he belongs. It is implicit in the philosophy of counseling that these objectives are complementary rather than conflicting. The function of those who guide children and young people is not to effect a compromise between the requirements of individuals on the one hand and the demands of the community on the other. It is rather to orient the individual toward those opportunities afforded by his environment that can best guarantee the fulfillment of his personal needs and aspirations. Guidance, in this sense, is a pervasive activity in which many persons and organizations take part. It is afforded to individuals by their parents, relatives, and friends and by the community at large through various educational, industrial, social, religious, and political agencies and, particularly, through the press and broadcasting services. A part of such guidance may be the giving of information that enables the person to increase the scope of his exploratory behaviour. The guidance counselor, for example, may give him information about his own abilities and interests as determined by psychological tests or about educational opportunities and the requirements of various occupations. The competent counselor does not attempt, however, to solve the person's problems for him. Adjustment is an individual matter that each person must discover for himself, and the counselor tries mainly to clarify the person's own thinking. Professional counselors and counseling psychologists are commonly found in institutional settings such as high schools and colleges, private industry, community agencies, prisons, and the military, as well as in private practice.