CRAVEIRINHA, JOS

born May 28, 1922, Loureno Marques, Portuguese East Africa [now Maputo, Mozambique] pseudonym of Jos G. Vetrinha Mozambican journalist, story writer, and poet. Craveirinha was the son of a Portuguese father and a black Mozambican mother. He was an ardent supporter of the anti-Portuguese group Frelimo during the colonial wars and was imprisoned in 1966. He was one of the pioneers of Negritude poetry in Mozambique, a poetry that concentrated on an examination of past African traditions and the emphatic reaffirmation of African values. Craveirinha's poetry utilizes imagistic appeals to the African landscape, the African languages, and, above all, to an Africa governed by Africans. His poem Grito Negro (Black City) is an outcry against colonialism that blends a sense of African rhythms with the nasal sounds of the Portuguese language. Craveirinha's literary works are chiefly of a political nature. They appeared in various anthologies and in such collections as Chigubo (1964), Cantico a un Dio di Catrane (1966; Canticle to a Catrane God), Karingana ua Karingana (1974; Once Upon a Time), and Cela I (1980; Cell I). He also wrote for Noticias da Beira, O Brado Africano, Voz de Moambique, and Caliban.