CYGNAEUS, UNO

born Oct. 12, 1810, Hameenlina, Fin. died Jan. 2, 1888, Helsinki educator known as the father of the primary school in Finland. Graduating from the gymnasium (secondary school) at Tavastehus in 1827, Cygnaeus attended the University of Helsingfors, becoming Filosofie Magister there in 1836. He then spent two years as assistant pastor and prison chaplain at Viborg, simultaneously teaching in a private school. In 1840 Cygnaeus became chaplain to a trading colony at New Archangel, Russian America (now Sitka, Alaska, U.S.), where he was profoundly impressed by the contrast between the educated people of the trading post and the native peoples who came there with furs and other items to barter. Cygnaeus returned to Europe in 1845 and spent the next 12 years as superintendent of a Finnish school in St. Petersburg, Russia. This experience, along with his study of the educational philosophers Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi and Friedrich Froebel, helped develop his own educational ideas. In 1856, when Tsar Alexander II promised a complete reorganization of Finland's primary schools, Cygnaeus finally had an opportunity to put his ideas into practice. Exercising the right of Finnish citizens to make suggestions for the public good, Cygnaeus offered his ideas for reform, which he later embodied in his brief Strodda Tankar (Eng. trans. Stray Thoughts on the Intended Primary Schools in Finland). Cygnaeus centred his curriculum on handwork, drawing from Froebel's idea of introducing such activities as paper folding, weaving, needlework, and work with sand, clay, and colour in the kindergarten; but he extended the concept to include farm work, gardening, metal- and wood-work, and basket weavingcollectively known as veisto, or sloyd, from Swedish sljd (for handiwork, or manual training). As a consequence of Cygnaeus' efforts, the Finnish government in 1866 made the sloyd system compulsory for boys in all rural schools and for male teachers in training institutions. In 1872 the government extended the system to city schools and established a sloyd school at Nas to train teachers. A second schoolcalled a Sloyd Seminariumwas started in 1875. The manual-training idea spread first to Sweden, then to France, Germany, England, and the United States, where it persistsalong with home economicsas part of the curriculum in many schools. In 1863 Cygnaeus became director of a new Finnish seminary at Jyvskyl, a post he held until his death.