CYPRIAN, SAINT

born c. 1336, , Bulgaria died 15th century, ; feast day September 16 Russian Kiprian metropolitan of Moscow in 138182 and 13901406. Educated in Greece, Cyprian was appointed by Constantinople to be metropolitan of Kiev and Lithuania in 1375 and then of Moscow in 1381. In 1382 Cyprian was forced into exile by the prince of Moscow, Dmitry, who rejected all appointments made by Constantinople. Eight years later, following the succession of Dmitry's son, Vasily I, Cyprian resumed his position. Cyprian introduced Byzantine liturgical reforms into the Russian Orthodox church: he replaced the old Russian format of prayer and chanting in the church, called the Rule of the Studion, with a new format, the Rule of Jerusalem, or of St. Savvas. He also introduced into Russia new versions of liturgical books that were then being used in Constantinople. born AD 200, , Carthage died Sept. 14, 258, Carthage; Western and Eastern feast day September 16; Anglican feast day September 26 Latin in full Thascius Caecilius Cyprianus early Christian theologian and bishop of Carthage who led the Christians of North Africa during a period of persecution from Rome. Upon his execution he became the first bishop-martyr of Africa. Additional reading General studies include Edward White Benson, Cyprian: His Life, His Times, His Work (1897); Michael M. Sage, Cyprian (1975); and Peter Hinchliff, Cyprian of Carthage and the Unity of the Christian Church (1974).