DRAGONFLY

Dragonfly (Libellula forensis). (suborder Anisoptera) also called darner, devil's arrow, or devil's darning needle, any of a group of aerial, predatory insects most commonly found near freshwater habitats throughout most of the world. Damselflies are sometimes also called dragonflies in that both are odonatesmembers of the order Odonata. The 2,500 dragonfly species (Anisoptera) are characterized by long bodies with two narrow pairs of intricately veined, membranous wings that, while generally transparent, may have coloured markings. Unlike damselflies, the front and rear wing pairs are shaped differently, and dragonflies rest with their wings spread horizontally, rather than held vertically against each other (with the exception of one very small family, Epiophlebiidae). Dragonflies have a more powerful build and are generally much stronger fliers than damselflies. Dragonflies have huge, bulging eyes that occupy most of the head, giving some a field of vision approaching 360 degrees. The winged adults are diversely coloured in a variety of shades ranging from metallic to pastel. Compared with other insects, they are large; some have wingspans of up to 16 cm (about 6 inches). Even the smallest species are about 20 mm (0.8 inch) across. As well as being extremely agile fliers, they are also among the fastest insects. Dragonfly wing muscles must be warm to function optimally, and so, if cool, the insect often engages in wing-whirring to generate heat before actually taking off. The dragonfly's speed and agility contribute to its being one of the most effective aerial predators. Small flying insects are the usual fare, but some dragonflies regularly consume prey that is 60 percent of their own weight. Dragonfly larva capturing fish. Slow-motion animation (left) demonstrates how Young dragonfliescalled larvae or sometimes nymphsare aquatic and are as dedicated predators under water as the adults are in the air. The functionally wingless larvae are usually mottled or dull in colour, matching the sediments or water plants among which they live. They have bulging eyes somewhat similar to the adults, but possess a formidable anatomical structure not present in the adult. Called the mask, it is a fusion of the larva's third pair of mouthparts. Disproportionately large, the mask folds beneath both the head and thorax when it is not in use. At the end of the mask is a set of fanglike pincers used to seize prey such as worms, crustaceans, tadpoles, and small fish. Different species of dragonfly larvae can be described as sprawlers, burrowers, hiders, or clasperstheir shape, metabolism, and respiration differing concordantly with the microhabitat they occupy. Larvae crawl from eggs laid in or near water in one of three ways. Some species lay their eggs inside plant tissue; others attach them to substrates at or above the water's surface. Eggs may also be dropped or washed from the abdomen onto water. Larvae absorb oxygen from the water using gills inside the rectum. The abdomen draws water in and pumps it out again through the anus. Water can be forcibly expelled in this way, resulting in jet propulsion as a means of escape. Solid waste is also expelled in this manner. As the larva grows, it molts, its future wings first becoming apparent about halfway through the larva's development. These wing sheaths then enlarge rapidly with each successive molt. Eventually, the larva crawls out of the water (sometimes at night) and molts one last time, emerging as an adult and leaving behind a cast skin (exuvia), the shell of its former self. Dragonflies, like damselflies, exhibit a mating posture unique to the Odonata. The male and female contort themselves into the wheel position before sperm is transferred. Before and after mating, dragonflies often fly in tandemthe male towing the female in flight using claspers at the tip of his abdomen to grip the back of her head. Pairs of some species may remain in tandem while the female lays her eggs. Many dragonfly families have descriptive common names associated with their scientific names. Examples include the hawkers (Aeshnidae), petaltails (Petaluridae), and clubtails (Gomphidae). Numerous other names related to neither taxonomy nor fact have traditionally been applied to dragonflies, such as horse stinger. Dragonflies have also been known as snake doctors in the American South, owing to the superstition that they nurse ill snakes back to health. The term devil's darning needle is derived from a superstition that dragonflies may sew up the eyes, ears, or mouth of a sleeping childespecially one who has misbehaved. In reality, dragonflies present no danger to humans. Additional reading Books Philip S. Corbet, Dragonflies: Behavior and Ecology of Odonata (1999), a definitive and well-illustrated source of information covering both dragonflies and damselflies.Ross E. Hutchins, The World of Dragonflies and Damselflies (1969), in addition to basic biological information, also includes discussion of fossil ancestors and suggestions for collecting, identifying, and studying odonates.James G. Needham and Minter J. Westfall, Jr., A Manual of the Dragonflies of North America (Anisoptera) (1954, reissued 1975).Rod Preston-Mafham and Ken Preston-Mafham, The Encyclopedia of Land Invertebrate Behaviour (1993), pp. 3542, includes a detailed discussion of odonate reproductive behaviour, in addition to other topics briefly touched upon. Video documentaries The Dragon & the Damsel (1983), written and produced by Pelham Aldrich-Blake. Narrated by Sir David Attenborough as part of the BBC natural history series Wildlife on One. Dragonfly (1988), produced by NHK Japan and TVOntario as part of the Nature Watch series.