DUCHAMP, MARCEL

born July 28, 1887, Blainville, Fr. died Oct. 2, 1968, Neuilly French artist who broke down the boundaries between works of art and everyday objects. After the sensation caused by Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2 (1912), he painted few other pictures. His irreverence for conventional aesthetic standards led him to devise his famous ready-mades and heralded an artistic revolution. Duchamp was friendly with the Dadaists, and in the 1930s he helped to organize Surrealist exhibitions. He became a U.S. citizen in 1955. Additional reading Monographs and catalogues raisonns. Robert Lebel, Marcel Duchamp (1959, reprinted with an addenda to the catalogue raisonn and an updated bibliography, 1967), is the first major biography and critical study. The catalog includes a list of replicas, editions, working studies and documents, single copies or reconstructions, and variations on Duchamp's projects. Arturo Schwarz (ed.), The Complete Works of Marcel Duchamp (1969), is the most extensive catalogue raisonn and includes Duchamp's last works. Studies. Guillaume Apollinaire, Les Peintres cubistes (1913; The Cubist Painters, 2nd ed., 1949); Calvin Tomkins, The World of Marcel Duchamp (1966); Pierre Cabanne, Entretiens avec Marcel Duchamp (1967; Dialogues with Marcel Duchamp, 1971), and Les 3 Duchamp (The Brothers Duchamp, 1976); Arturo Schwarz, The Large Glass, and Related Works, 2 vol. (196768) and Marcel Duchamp (1970; Eng. ed. 1975); Octavio Paz, Marcel Duchamp (1968), in Spanish; and Sarane Alexandrian, Marcel Duchamp (1976; Eng. trans. 1977). Major exhibition catalogs. Marcel Duchamp, Pasadena Art Museum: A Retrospective Exhibition, October 8 Through November 3, 1963 (1963), the first major exhibition of Duchamp's works; The Almost Complete Works of Marcel Duchamp: Catalogue of an Exhibition at the Tate Gallery 18 June31 July 1966 (1966); Paris, Muse National D'art Moderne, Marcel Duchamp (1967), the first comprehensive exhibition of Duchamp's works in France; Anne d'Harnoncourt and Kynaston McShine, Marcel Duchamp (1973), published by the Museum of Modern Art, New York City, the most complete collection assembled to date. Major Works: Church at Blainville (1902; Philadelphia Museum of Art); Portrait of Marcel Lefranois (1904; Philadelphia Museum of Art); Nude on Nude (1909?; Arnold D. Fawcus Collection, Paris); Portrait of the Artist's Father (1910; Philadelphia Museum of Art); Red Nude (1910; Mary Sisler Collection, New York); The Chess Players (1910; Philadelphia Museum of Art); Landscape (1911; Museum of Modern Art, New York City); Sad Young Man in a Train (1911; Peggy Guggenheim Collection, Venice); Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 1 (1911; Philadelphia Museum of Art); Portrait (1911; Philadelphia Museum of Art); Apropos of Little Sister (1911; Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York City); Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2 (1912; Philadelphia Museum of Art); Le Passage de la Vierge la Marie (1912; Museum of Modern Art); The King and Queen Surrounded by Swift Nudes (1912; Philadelphia Museum of Art); Bride (1912; Philadelphia Museum of Art); Bicycle Wheel (1913; replica, Museum of Modern Art); 3 Standard Stoppages (191314; Museum of Modern Art); Glider Containing a Water Mill in Neighbouring Metals (191315; Philadelphia Museum of Art); Bottle Dryer (1914; replica, Moderna Museet, Stockholm); Network of Stoppages (1914; Museum of Modern Art); Nine Malic Moulds (191415; Mrs. Marcel Duchamp Collection, New York); In Advance of the Broken Arm (1915; replica, Yale University Art Gallery); With Hidden Noise (1916; Philadelphia Museum of Art); Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 3 (1916; Philadelphia Museum of Art); Fountain (1917; replica, Sidney Janis Collection, New York); Tu m' (1918; Yale University Art Gallery); Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 4 (1918; Museum of the City of New York); To be Looked at (from the Other Side of the Glass) with One Eye, Close to, for Almost an Hour (1918; Museum of Modern Art); L.H.O.O.Q. (1919; Mary Sisler Collection); Why Not Sneeze Rose Slavy? (1921; Philadelphia Museum of Art); The Large Glass (191523; Philadelphia Museum of Art); The Brawl at Austerlitz (1921; W.N. Copley Collection, New York); Rotary Demi-Sphere (1925; Museum of Modern Art); Discs Inscribed with Puns (1926; W.N. Copley Collection); The Green Box (1934); Rotoreliefs (1935); Door for Gradiva (1937; replica, Dieter Keller Collection, Stuttgart, Ger.); Bote-en-valise (193842; Mary Sisler Collection); In the Manner of Delvaux (1942; V. and A. Schwarz Collection, Milan); Pocket Chess Set (1943; New York); George Washington (1943; Andr Breton Estate, Paris); Given the Illuminating Gas and the Waterfall (194849; Maria Martins Collection, Rio de Janeiro); Female Fig Leaf (1950; Mary Sisler Collection); Object-Dard (Dart-Object; 1951; Mrs. Marcel Duchamp Collection); Wedge of Chastity (1954; Mrs. Marcel Duchamp Collection); Self-Portrait in Profile (1958; New York); Cols alits (1959; R. Lebel Collection, Paris); With My Tongue in My Cheek (1959; R. Lebel Collection); Torture-morte (1959; R. Lebel Collection); Sculpture-morte (1959; R. Lebel Collection); Nine Etchings for the Large Glass and Related Works by A. Schwarz (1967; A. Schwarz Collection); Nine Etchings for the Large Glass and Related Works by A. Schwarz (1968; A. Schwarz Collection); tant donns: 1. la chute d'eau, 2. le gaz d'clairage (194666, assembled 1969; Philadelphia Museum of Art).