EASTERN

province, south-central South Africa. It is bordered by Western Cape province to the west, Northern Cape province to the northwest, Free State province and Lesotho to the north, KwaZulu/Natal province to the northeast, and the Indian Ocean to the southeast and south. The eastern portion of the former Griqualand East (surrounding Umzimkulu) is now an exclave of Eastern province located in southern KwaZulu/Natal province. Eastern province (called Eastern Cape province in 199495) was part of former Cape of Good Hope (q.v.) province until 1994. Bisho is the provincial capital. Eastern province is predominantly mountainous country. It includes the southern spur of the Drakensberg, rising to more than 9,000 feet (2,700 m) in the northeast, and descends southward from the great interior plateau (Highveld) of southern Africa to form a relatively narrow coastal plain along the Indian Ocean. Southwest of the Highveld and the Great Fish River, the topography is characterized by east-west-trending mountain ranges and valleys. East of the Great Fish River, including the lower valley of the Great Kei River, perennial streams have carved deep valleys on their way to the ocean. The province's natural vegetation is largely grassveld, with some forest on the coast west of Humansdorp. Mountain Zebra National Park is located west of Cradock. The climate along the coast is subtropical, but it is mild at higher elevations to the north. Summers are hot, and snow falls in winter on the high northern mountains. The average annual precipitation increases from 14 inches (350 mm) near Graaff-Reinet in the west to more than 35 inches (900 mm) along the coast near East London in the east. About 87 percent of Eastern's population are black, and they are predominantly speakers of Xhosa, an Nguni language. Persons of mixed race constitute nearly 7 percent of the total population, and whites make up some 6 percent. Afrikaans and English are about equally spoken. The raising of Merino sheep, Angora goats, and dairy cattle is carried on throughout Eastern province. Wheat, corn (maize), and sorghum are grown inland with irrigation, while oranges, pineapples, tobacco, and potatoes are cultivated along the coast. Port Elizabeth and East London are manufacturing centres where the production of motors and the canning of fruit and vegetables are important. There is also a variety of seaside resorts along the Indian Ocean. Grahamstown, Fort Hare (near Alice), and Port Elizabeth have universities. The seaports of East London and Port Elizabeth are connected by road and rail with Queenstown and Umtata to the northeast and Graaff-Reinet and Middelburg to the northwest. Area 65,483 square miles (169,600 square km). Pop. (1994 est.) 6,436,790.