ELMIRA

city, seat (1836) of Chemung county, southern New York, U.S. It lies on the Chemung River, near the Pennsylvania border, 60 miles (97 km) west of Binghamton. The first European settlement (1787) was incorporated as the village of Newtown in 1815. Renamed Elmira in 1828 for the daughter of an early settler, Nathan Teall, it grew after the completion in 1832 of the Chemung Canal to Seneca Lake (20 miles north) and developed industrially after the arrival of the Erie Railroad in 1849. Manufactures include machine tools, valves, fire-fighting equipment, and electronic products. The city's Woodlawn National Cemetery contains the graves of more than 2,000 Confederate prisoners who died in the Elmira prison camp during the American Civil War. Elmira Reformatory (now Elmira Correctional and Reception Center) was opened in 1876; it has been a trendsetter in prison reform. The author Mark Twain spent summers at nearby Quarry Farm from 1870 until his death and did much of his writing there; he is buried in the Woodlawn National Cemetery, along with his son-in-law, pianist-conductor Ossip Gabrilowitsch and motion-picture pioneer Hal Roach. Elmira College, founded in 1855 and one of the earliest institutions of higher learning for women in the country, was opened to men in 1969; Mark Twain's Study, fashioned in the style of a Mississippi riverboat pilothouse, is preserved on its campus. Since 1930 nearby Harris Hill (859 feet [262 metres] above the valley floor) has been the scene of glider contests and is the site of the National Soaring Museum. The Arnot Art Museum is in the city, as is the Elmira Business Institute. The Battle of Newtown (August 29, 1779), during the American Revolution, at which General John Sullivan defeated a combined British and Indian force led by Sir John Johnson and Chief Joseph Brant, was fought 5 miles (8 km) southeast. More than 5,000 homes were damaged when floodwaters ravaged the area in June 1972. Inc. city, 1864. Pop. (1990) city, 33,724; Elmira MSA, 95,195; (1998 est.) city, 31,367; (1996 est.) Elmira MSA, 93,282.