EWING, SIR (JAMES) ALFRED

born March 27, 1855, Dundee, Angus, Scot. died Jan. 7, 1935, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, Eng. British physicist who discovered and named hysteresis, the resistance of magnetic materials to change in magnetic force. Ewing was professor of mechanical engineering at the University of Tokyo (187883) and professor of mechanism and applied mechanics at King's College, Cambridge (18901903). In his work on the magnetic properties of iron, steel, and other metals, he succeeded in modifying Wilhelm E. Weber's theory of induced magnetism and constructed a hypothetical model to fit his own theory. In 1890 he observed that in electromagnets using alternating current, the magnetization of the metal lagged behind the changing of the current flow. He conjectured that all molecules are like tiny magnets and explained hysteresis as a resistance of the molecules to rearranging themselves in alignment with the new direction of magnetic force. Ewing wrote a number of papers on thermoelectric properties of metals, on the effects of stress and magnetization on iron, on the crystalline structure of metals, and on seismology. He invented an extensometer (a device for measuring small increases in length of metals), a hysteresis tester, and other apparatus for magnetic testing. He was director of naval education to the British Admiralty from 1903 until 1916, when he became principal and vice chancellor of the University of Edinburgh. He was knighted in 1911, and from 1914 to 1917 he was in charge of the department of the Admiralty dealing with enemy ciphers.