FARAJ

born 1389, Cairo died 1412, Damascus in full Al-malik An-nasir Zayn Ad-din Abu As-sa'adat Faraj 26th Mamluk ruler of Egypt and Syria; his reign was marked by a loss of internal control of the Mamluk kingdom, whose rulers were descendants of slaves. Faraj was the victim of forcesincluding foreign invasion and domestic feudsthat he did not create and could not control. Faraj's father, Barquq, died in 1399. While he was a child, two guardians, representing the rival Turkish and Circassian factions, acted for him. As the result of feuds between their factions, Faraj was deposed on Sept. 20, 1405, and his brother al-Malik al-Mansur replaced him; but Faraj was reinstated the following November. During Barquq's rule, a defensive alliance between the Ottomans and the Mamluks had been formed against Timur (commonly Tamerlane, the renowned Turkic conqueror). Faraj's guardians allowed this alliance to weaken, a shortsighted policy that proved disastrous for Ottomans and Mamluks alike as Timur dealt individually with his enemies. Following the fall of Damascus and Aleppo in Syria to the Timurid armies in 1400, Faraj remained subservient to Timur for the next five years. The invasion of Syria was a serious disability to Faraj because of the loss of revenue. As a consequence the coinage was debased, and new fiscal taxation levies were imposed. Faraj was never able to reconquer Syria, although he led several expeditions against the Syrian Mamluks, who were his nominal vassals. During one of these expeditions, Faraj was defeated, captured, and imprisoned in Damascus, where he was killed in 1412.