FES

also spelled Fez, Arabic Fas city, northern Morocco, on the Wadi Fs just above its influx into the Sebou River. The oldest of Morocco's four imperial cities, it was founded on the banks of the Wadi Fs by Idris I (east bank, about 789) and Idris II (west bank, about 809). The two parts were united by the Almoravids in the 11th century to become a major Islamic city. Fs reached its zenith as a centre of learning and commerce under the Marinids in the mid-14th century and has kept its religious primacy through the ages. The Treaty of Fs (March 30, 1912) established the French protectorate in Morocco. The city is almost completely surrounded by low hills covered with olive groves and orchards. The ancient battlements of Fs, flanked by stone towers, still partly enclose the old city, which is known as the Fs el-Bali. The old city contains the Qarawiyin Mosque, the oldest mosque in northern Africa, and is the seat both of a famous Islamic university (founded 859) and of the Sidi Mohammed ibn Abdellah University (founded 1974); it is also the sanctuary of Idris I and houses the tomb of Idris II. The Fs el-Jedid (New Fs) section of the city, founded in the 13th century by the Marinids, contains the Royal Palace and the adjoining Great Mosque, which is noted for its 13th-century polychrome minaret. Just south of the Royal Palace is the Mellah, or Jewish quarter; many of the Jewish goldsmiths, silversmiths, and jewelers who once lived there emigrated to Israel in the decades following the founding of the Jewish state. The modern section of the city, the Ville Nouvelle, lies on a plateau to the southwest; it was founded by Marshal L.-H.-G. Lyautey of France in 1916. The city's industrial quarter is in this district, near the railway station. Fs is a centre for trade and traditional crafts, and until the late 19th century it was the only place in the world where the fez (brimless, red felt hat in the shape of a truncated cone) was made. Most of the city's traditional crafts, such as leather- and pottery-making, are practiced in the narrow, winding streets of the old city and are sold in that section's traditional marketplaces, or suqs. Fs has an international airport. The area in which Fs is situated produces cereals (primarily wheat), beans, olives, and grapes; sheep, goats, and cattle are also raised. Pop. (1994) mun., 510,000.