FRISIAN LITERATURE

the literature that is written in West Frisian, a language closely related to Old English, and now spoken primarily by the inhabitants of Friesland, a northern province of The Netherlands. (The languages known as East Frisian and North Frisian made little contribution to Frisian literature. See Frisian language.) Frisian literature, as it is known today, began with Gysbert Japicx (also spelled Japiks; 160366) in the 17th century. Friesland's incorporation into the Dutch Republic in 1581 threatened to reduce Frisian to a mere peasant dialect. Japicx, however, through his Friesche Rymlerye (1668; Frisian Verse) and other works proved the richness and versatility of the language and saved it from potential extinction. It was not until the Romantic period of the 19th century, however, that Frisian literature began to flourish as a national literature. About this time the Halbertsma brothersEeltsje, Joast, and Tsjallingfounded a movement known as New Frisian Literature, and they went on to write an amusing collection of Romantic prose and poetry, Rimen en Teltsjes (1871; Rhymes and Tales), that stimulated the rise of a rich folk literature in the second half of the 19th century. Their contemporary, the philologist and poet Harmen Sytstra, wrote of the heroic past in old Germanic verse forms. In 1915 Douwe Kalma launched the Young Frisian Movement, which challenged younger writers to break radically with the provincialism and didacticism of past Frisian literature. This break had been anticipated in the lyrical poetry and fiction of Simke Kloosterman and in the psychological narratives of Reinder Brolsma. Kalma himself made important contributions to poetry, drama, translation, and literary history and criticism. Other important Frisian literary figures in the first half of the 20th century were the essayist E.B. Folkertsma and the poets Fedde Schurer, Obe Postma, and Douwe Tamminga. Frisian literature since World War II has largely broken away from the national movement and many traditional conventions, especially through Anne Wadman's leadership as critic, essayist, and novelist. Most Frisian poetry and fiction now reflects the larger western European community of writers in themes and techniques.