GANGA DYNASTY

either of two distinct but remotely related Indian dynasties. The Western Gangas ruled in Mysore state (Gangavadi) from about AD 250 to about 1004. The Eastern Gangas ruled Kalinga from 1028 to 143435. The first ruler of the Western Ganga, Konganivarman, carved out a kingdom by conquest, but his successors, Madhava I and Harivarman, expanded their influence by marital and military alliances with the Pallavas, Calukyas, and Kadambas. By the end of the 8th century a dynastic dispute weakened the Gangas, but Butuga II (c. 937960) obtained extensive territories between the Tungabhadra and the Krishna rivers, ruling from Talakad (the capital) to Vatapi. Repeated Cola invasions cut the contact between Gangavadi and the imperial capital, and Talakad fell into the hands of the Cola ruler Visnuvardhana in about 1004. Most of the Western Gangas were Jainas, but some patronized Brahmanical Hinduism. They encouraged scholarly work in Kannada (Kanarese), built some remarkable temples, and encouraged deforestation, irrigation, and cross-peninsular trade. The Eastern Gangas arose to intermarry with and challenge the Colas and Calukyas in the period when the Western Gangas had been forced to abandon this role. Early dynasties of the eastern Gangas ruled in Orissa from the 8th century; but Vajrahasta III, who assumed the title of Trikalingadhipat (ruler of the three Kalingas) in 1028, was probably the first to rule all three divisions of Kalinga. His son Rajaraja I waged war upon the Colas and the Eastern Calukyas and strengthened the dynasty by marrying a Cola princess, Rajasundari. Their son, Anantavarman Codagangadeva, ruled from the mouth of the Ganges River in the north to the mouth of the Godavari River in the south; he began building the great Jagannatha temple at Puri at the end of the 11th century. Rajaraja III ascended the throne in 1198 and did nothing to resist the Muslims of Bengal, who invaded Orissa in 1206. Rajaraja's son Anangabhima III, however, repulsed the Muslims and built the temple of Meghesvara at Bhuvanesvara. Narasimha I, the son of Anangabhima, invaded southern Bengal in 1243, defeated its Muslim ruler, captured the capital (Gauda), and built the Sun Temple at Konarak to commemorate his victory. With the death of Narasimha in 1264, the Eastern Gangas began to decline; the sultan of Delhi invaded Orissa in 1324, Muslims raided in 1353, and Vijayanagar defeated the Orissan powers in 1356. Narasimha IV, the last known king of the Eastern Ganga dynasty, ruled until 1425. The mad king, Bhanudeva IV, who succeeded him, left no inscriptions; his minister Kapilendra usurped the throne and founded the Suryavamsa dynasty in 143435. The Eastern Gangas were great patrons of religion and the arts, and the temples of the Ganga period rank among the masterpieces of Hindu architecture.