GERARD OF CREMONA

born c. 1114, , Cremona, Lombardy died 1187, Toledo, kingdom of Castile European medieval scholar who translated the works of many major Greek and Arabic writers into Latin. Gerard went to Toledo to learn Arabic in order to read the Almagest of the 2nd-century-AD Greek mathematician and astronomer Ptolemy, which was not then available in Latin; he remained there for the rest of his life. About 80 translations from the Arabic have been attributed to him, but it has been suggested that he was in charge of a school of translators that was responsible for some of the translations. Many early printed editions omit the name of the translator. Gerard's translation of the Almagest (printed in 1515) was finished in 1175. Among other Greek authors translated from Arabic versions by Gerard (according to tradition) are Aristotle, Euclid, and Galen. Translations of original Arabic texts attributed to him include works on medicinenotably the Canon of Avicennamathematics, astronomy, astrology, and alchemy.