GIBBS, JAMES

born Dec. 23, 1682, Footdeesmire, Aberdeenshire, Scot. died Aug. 5, 1754, London Scottish architect whose synthesis of Italian and English modes, exemplified in his church of St. Martin-in-the-Fields, London, set a standard for 18th-century British and American church architecture. Gibbs studied in Rome with Carlo Fontana, a leading exponent of the Italian Baroque style. His Roman experience gave him a decisive edge over competitors on his return to England in 1709. Gibbs's first public building, the church of St. Mary-le-Strand (171417), shows most directly his Italian Baroque influence. He soon became the foremost Tory architect. Private houses that he built, or in which he had a hand, number at least 50. After the 1720s the Baroque influence in his works declined, influenced by the aggressive Palladianism of Lord Burlington and the concurrent shift in public taste toward the classical. Gibbs's mature style represents a highly proficient synthesis of both Baroque and Palladian sources. His best-known work, St. Martin-in-the-Fields (designed 1720), with its lofty steeple and classical temple front, clearly demonstrates the intermingling of influences. Though criticized in its timethe French admired the portico and despised the steepleSt. Martin's became the archetype of countless British and American churches. Gibbs's other best-known buildings are the Senate House at Cambridge (172230) and the Radcliffe Camera (also called the Radcliffe Library) at Oxford (173749). His major written work, A Book of Architecture (1728), was the most widely used architectural pattern book in Britain and its colonies during the 18th century.