GOLITSYN, VASILY VASILYEVICH, KNYAZ

(Prince) born 1643, Russia died May 2 [April 21, old style], 1714, Kholmogory, Russia Russian statesman who was the chief adviser to Sophia Alekseyevna and dominated Russian foreign policy during her regency (1682-89). Extremely well educated and greatly influenced by western European culture, Golitsyn was awarded the rank of boyar (next in rank to the ruling princes) in 1676 by Tsar Alexis (ruled 1645-76) and was also given a military command in the Ukraine with broad political powers. Continuing his state service under Tsar Fyodor III (ruled 1676-82), Golitsyn worked on a commission established to reorganize the military service and on its behalf recommended that the system of mestnichestvo (hereditary precedence) be abolished. When Sophia Alekseyevna became regent for her brother Ivan V and her half brother, Peter I, in 1682, she made Golitsyn, who was also her lover, the head of the posolsky prikaz (foreign office); in 1684 she named him keeper of the great seal. Golitsyn formulated many far-reaching reform measures, including the development of close diplomatic and cultural relations with western European nations, the abolition of serfdom, the establishment of religious toleration in Russia, and the construction of industrial enterprises. But he was prevented from enacting these measures by the opposition of traditionalists, who favoured Sophia's political rivals, the Naryshkins-the family of Peter's mother. Golitsyn's activities, therefore, became confined to foreign affairs. In addition to improving commercial relations with Sweden, Poland, England, and other western states, he negotiated a treaty of perpetual peace and alliance with Poland (1686), in which the Poles recognized Kiev and all the territory east of the Dnieper River as Russian possessions, and Russia agreed to join Poland and its allies, Austria and Venice, in a Holy League against the Ottoman Turks. In accordance with this agreement, Golitsyn led two campaigns against the Crimean Tatars (vassals of the Turks; 1687, 1689); both were dismal defeats for Russia. Golitsyn also directed the negotiations with China and concluded the Treaty of Nerchinsk (ratified 1689), which set the Russo-Chinese border along the Amur River, thereby preparing the way for Russia's subsequent expansion to the Pacific Ocean. But the diplomatic success of the Treaty of Nerchinsk did not engender enough support for Sophia's regime to save it from the Naryshkin coup d'etat that displaced Sophia in August 1689 and placed Peter on the throne. The new Naryshkin government exiled Golitsyn to the far north, where he remained until his death.