GONIONEMUS

genus of small marine jellyfish of the hydrozoan order Limnomedusae (phylum Cnidaria). Gonionemus species are bell-shaped and measure about 15 mm (0.6 inch) or more in diameter. From the centre of the bell hangs the manubrium, a tubular structure that contains the mouth, and around the bell's rim are hollow tentacles armed with stinging structures called nematocysts. Each member of the genus begins life as a planula larva, which develops into a solitary polyp (q.v.) measuring less than 1 mm in height. After a short time the polyp buds off medusae from its lower end. Stings from the species Gonionemus vertens are unusually venomous, and dense shoals of such jellyfish in warm seas pose a danger to swimmers. A sting from G. vertens causes a burning sensation in the skin, which is accompanied by rapid blistering and local edema, followed in turn by general weakness after 10 to 30 minutes. Numbness sets in, along with pain in the joints of the arms and legs; breathing becomes laboured and can temporarily cease. Liver malfunction sometimes occurs, and the acute symptoms last four to five days. Most Gonionemus species are widely distributed in the warmer regions of the Atlantic and Indo-Pacific oceans. Several have been introduced in the waters off northwestern Europe with Portuguese oysters to which their polyps attach. It is not certain, however, whether all populations are venomous.