GRANVILLE, GRANVILLE GEORGE LEVESON-GOWER, 2ND EARL, ...

born May 11, 1815, London died March 31, 1891, London British foreign secretary in William E. Gladstone's first and second administrations, succeeding him as leader of the Liberal Party. Educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford, he was elected a Whig member of Parliament in 1836. Holding minor offices under Lord John Russell from 1846 (the year that he succeeded to his father's earldom), Granville succeeded Lord Palmerston (December 1851) as foreign secretary for the remaining three months of the government's life. President of the Privy Council (1852-54) and chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster (1854-55) in Lord Aberdeen's coalition government, he also became leader of the Liberal peers in the House of Lords, a post he retained, save for an interval during 1865-68, until his death. Unable to form a government in 1859, Granville resumed the presidency of the council under Palmerston and under Russell from 1859 to 1866, a post that brought him into favour with Queen Victoria. His most important political services were rendered as an intermediary between Queen Victoria and Gladstone, his closest political friend from 1868. As colonial secretary (1868-70) and then as foreign secretary (1870-74 and 1880-85), Granville was an ideal negotiator of Gladstone's foreign policies. He handled the difficult negotiations of the London Conference (1871), after Russia had denounced the Treaty of Paris of 1856, and he settled the Alabama claims, a dispute centred on the English-built cruiser Alabama, used by the Confederacy as a commerce destroyer during the American Civil War. He became the official leader of the Liberal Party upon Gladstone's first retirement (1874), but he gave way at once to Gladstone when the latter formed his second government (in 1880). During Granville's last period at the Foreign Office, his powers were clearly failing. He was one of the few Whigs who stood by Gladstone in the Irish Home Rule crisis of 1886.