GRIBEAUVAL, JEAN-BAPTISTE VAQUETTE DE

born Sept. 15, 1715, Amiens, France died May 9, 1789, Paris French military officer and engineer whose developments of French artillery contributed to the brilliant military successes of Napoleon in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Gribeauval entered the French army in 1732 as a volunteer and became an officer in 1735. In 1757 he was lent to the Austrian army, with which he served as a general of artillery during the Seven Years' War (175663). In 1776 he became inspector general of artillery in France and began his reforms. Gribeauval reduced the existing multiplicity of different-calibred field pieces to just three, firing 12-, 8-, and 4-pound balls, respectively. He reduced the length and weight of field pieces yet managed to obtain greater firing ranges with smaller powder charges by using perfectly spherical balls of the precisely correct diameter. Under Gribeauval, the French artillery began using prefabricated, highly uniform, and easily handled powder-and-shot combinations instead of the old imprecise amounts of loose powder. Gribeauval also introduced interchangeable wheels and other parts for his redesigned gun carriages, gave them iron elevating screws for easier raising of the barrels, and equipped the carriages with iron axletrees that could withstand rough cross-country travel. Another notable innovation was his disposition of the draft horses that pulled the gun carriages in double files instead of single files, thus increasing their pulling capacity and reducing the numbers necessary in a team. All of these new methods greatly increased the mobility and effectiveness of the French field artillery. Gribeauval also separated French artillery into three clearly defined categories according to the gun's intended use: either for use in the field, in sieges, or in coastal defense. His improvements were later put to good tactical use by Napoleon, who had himself trained in the artillery service.