GUERRILLA WARFARE

guerrilla also spelled guerilla warfare characterized by irregular forces employing unorthodox military tactics to fight small-scale, limited actions against orthodox civil and military forces. Traditionally, it is a method of protest employed to rectify real or imagined wrongs levied on a people either by a foreign invader or by an incumbent government, but it has also been used in an offensive role, in both ancient and modern times. Although this type of warfare is as old as history, the word guerrilla (the diminutive of Spanish guerra, war) stems from the Duke of Wellington's campaigns during the Peninsular War (180814), in which Spanish and Portuguese irregulars, or guerrilleros (also referred to at the time as partisans, insurgents, and bandits), helped to drive the French from Iberia. In World War II the word partisan became synonymous with guerrilla; in later years the word insurgent came into vogue, followed by the (often contradictory) term freedom fighter. Additional reading Robert B. Asprey, War in the Shadows: The Guerrilla in History, 2 vol. (1975), surveys guerrilla and counterguerrilla warfare from its origin to the 1970s. For specific guerrilla studies, see Reginald Hargreaves, Beyond the Rubicon: A History of Early Rome (1967); Ferdinand Schevill, The History of the Balkan Peninsula, from the Earliest Times to the Present Day (1922, reprinted 1971); R.C. Smail, Crusading Warfare, 10971193 (1956, reprinted 1972); John E. Morris, The Welsh Wars of Edward I (1901, reprinted 1969); C.E. Callwell, Small Wars: Their Principles and Practice (1906, reprinted 1976); John R. Alden, The South in the Revolution, 17631789 (1957, reprinted 1976); Russell F. Weigley, History of the United States Army, enlarged ed. (1984); M.R.D. Foot, SOE in France: An Account of the Work of the British Special Operations Executive in France, 19401944 (1966, reprinted 1984); Otto Heilbrunn, Warfare in the Enemy's Rear (1963); and David Galula, Counterinsurgency Warfare: Theory and Practice (1964).Studies of specific campaigns include Leon Wolff, Little Brown Brother: How the United States Purchased and Pacified the Philippine Islands at the Century's Turn (1961, reissued 1970); Napoleon D. Valeriano, Counter-Guerrilla Operations: The Philippine Experience (1962); Ronald Atkin, Revolution!: Mexico 19101920 (1969); Edgar Holt, Protest in Arms: The Irish Troubles, 19161923 (1960); Fitzroy Maclean, Disputed Barricade: The Life and Times of Josip Broz-Tito, Marshal of Jugoslavia (1957); John A. Armstrong, Soviet Partisans in World War II (1964); Edgar O'Ballance, The Greek Civil War, 19441949 (1966); David S. Woolman, Rebels in the Rif: Abd el Krim and the Rif Rebellion (1968); Richard L. Clutterbuck, The Long, Long War: Counterinsurgency in Malaya and Vietnam (1966); Peter Paret, French Revolutionary Warfare from Indochina to Algeria: The Analysis of a Political and Military Doctrine (1964); and Bernard B. Fall, The Two Viet-Nams: A Political and Military Analysis, 2nd rev. ed. (1967, reprinted 1984). Robert Brown Asprey