HACKNEY

any carriage plying for hire, although hackney coach usually refers to a four-wheeled carriage drawn by two horses and holding six passengers. Hackneys were introduced into England early in the 17th century and may have been named for a section of London. In 1654 there were 300 licensed hackney coaches allowed in London and its environs, and by 1832 there were about 1,200. Hackneys were also in use in the United States in the 18th century. In France, a coach for hire, the fiacre, was introduced in Paris in the 1640s. inner borough of London, in the historic county of Middlesex. It lies north of the City of London and Tower Hamlets, and its eastern boundary is the River Lea. It was created a borough in 1965 by the amalgamation of the former metropolitan boroughs of Shoreditch, Hackney, and Stoke Newington. Hackney includes such areas and historic villages as (from north to south) Stoke Newington, Upper Clapton, Lea Bridge, Lower Clapton, Dalston, Homerton, Hackney Wick, Hackney, Kingsland, Haggerston, Hoxton, and Shoreditch. Shoreditch, near the City, is industrial and commercial in character, whereas the rest of Hackney is largely residential with pockets of industry, notably along the Lea valley. Stoke Newington was a site of Paleolithic settlement, and it later became a Saxon village. In the 18th century, Roman remains were discovered in the Hackney Marshes in the eastern part of the borough, an area that now contains football (soccer) and cricket fields. Shoreditch takes its name from a ditch that lay just outside the London wall as part of the city's medieval defenses. Hoxton was listed in Domesday Book (1086 CE) as pertaining to the canons of St. Paul's Cathedral. The first Elizabethan playhouse, the Theatre, stood in Shoreditch from 1576 to 1598. From the 16th century onward many mansions were built in Hackney and, later, in Stoke Newington. The traditional associations of the borough with furniture and cabinetmaking trades are recalled by the exhibits of the Geffrye Museum in the former Ironmongers' Company almshouses (1715). The writer Daniel Defoe resided with a Nonconformist community in Stoke Newington and was educated at Newington Green, where Edgar Allan Poe also attended school from 1817 to 1820. In the Abney Park Cemetery (1840) are the graves of William Booth, founder of the Salvation Army, and his wife and son. Notable edifices include the Hackney Empire theatre (1901) and the redbrick Sutton House (early 16th century). The Hackney Museum contains exhibits on local history. The borough's public open space is extensive and covers one-sixth of its area, including Hackney Marshes, Hackney Downs, Clissold Park, Springfield Park, London Fields, and Millfields. The New River empties into reservoirs north of Clissold Park, and the Grand Union Canal traverses the borough. Hackney's commodious older housing, its location in the unfashionable East End, and its proximity to the centre of London made it a natural reception area for wave upon wave of immigrants. Its ethnic minorities account for one-third of the borough's residents; there are substantial populations of Afro-Caribbeans, Africans, and South Asians, as well as Irish, Turkish and Greek Cypriots, and Jews. Stamford Hill is notable as a centre for Orthodox Jews. Area 8 square miles (20 square km). Pop. (1998 est.) 194,700.