HAGENBECK, CARL

born June 10, 1844, Hamburg died April 14, 1913, Hamburg internationally known German animal dealer and trainer who controlled animals by befriending them, emphasizing for spectators their intelligence and tractability over their ferocity. Hagenbeck's father had maintained a small show menagerie, and the young Hagenbeck began his career as an animal dealer, hiring hunters and taking orders from zoos and circuses. He assumed ownership of his father's enterprise in 1866 and soon was the leading dealer in Europe. When the animal trade declined in the 1870s, he began to produce and travel with ethnographical shows, spectacles featuring people and animals from remote regions. One scene, for example, included a Sami family with reindeer and sledge. In 1884 he toured with 67 Ceylonese, 25 elephants, and a herd of cattle. In 1887 Hagenbeck began to experiment with animal training with the aim of demonstrating that the beatings and hot irons then used to train animals were both cruel and unnecessary. In 1889 he introduced a lion act in which, as a finale, three lions pulled him around the cage in a chariot. After this success, the Hagenbeck system gradually replaced harsher training methods in circuses and expositions in Europe and America. During a trip to the United States in 1906, he sold his traveling animal show to Benjamin Wallace, who renamed it the Hagenbeck-Wallace Circus. The following year, Hagenbeck opened a zoological garden at Stellingen, near Hamburg, where he exhibited animals in uncovered, barless pits. He developed panoramas for animals like polar bears and tigers that imitated their native habitats. His zoological garden was the prototype for future open-air zoos and a source of animals for zoos and circuses.