HAPGOOD, ISABEL FLORENCE

born Nov. 21, 1850, Boston, Mass., U.S. died June 26, 1928, New York, N.Y. American translator and writer, noted for making many classic Russian works available to an English-language audience for the first time. Hapgood studied foreign languages independently when her formal education ended in 1868, after three years at Miss Porter's School in Farmington, Connecticut. By the 1880s she had mastered virtually all of the Romance and Germanic languages and several Slavic languages as well. Her career as a translator began in 1886 with the publication of her translations of Leo Tolstoy's Childhood, Boyhood, Youth; Nikolay Gogol's Taras Bulba and Dead Souls; and a selection of Epic Songs of Russia. During 188789 she toured Russia and met Tolstoy. Living in New York City thereafter, Hapgood produced a stream of translations that included such works as Victor Hugo's Les Misrables (1887), Notre Dame de Paris (1888), and Toilers of the Sea (1888), Tolstoy's Life (1888) and Sevastopol (1888), Ernest Renan's Recollections and Letters (1892), Pierre de Coubertin's The Revolution of France Under the Third Republic (1897), Maksim Gorky's Foma Gordyeef (1901) and Orloff and His Wife (1901), the 16-volume Novels and Stories of Ivan Turgenev (190304), Fyodor Dostoevsky's The Brothers Karamazov (1905), Anton Chekhov's The Seagull (1905), and Ivan Bunin's The Village (1923). Hapgood's pioneering work in introducing Russian literature to English-language readers was especially valuable. Her own writings include Russian Rambles (1895), a lively account of her visit to that country, A Survey of Russian Literature (1902), and many magazine articles. For 22 years she was a correspondent, reviewer, and editorial writer for the New York Evening Post and the Nation. She made a second visit to Russia in 1917 and only through personal acquaintances there escaped being caught up in the turmoil of the Revolution.