HATRA

Arabic al-Hadr ruined city located in the Al-Jazirah region of present-day northern Iraq, 180 miles (290 km) northwest of Baghdad and 68 miles (110 km) southwest of Mosul. A religious and trading centre of the Parthian empire, it flourished during the 1st and 2nd centuries BC. The city survived several invasions before being razed in AD 241. It is an important archaeological site with well-preserved ruins. Hatra was probably founded in the 3rd or 2nd century BC, under the Seleucid kingdom. It rose to prominence as the capital of Araba, a small semiautonomous state under Parthian influence. Because of its strategic position along caravan trade routes, the town prospered and became an important religious centre. In the 1st and 2nd centuries AD, Hatra was ruled by a dynasty of Arabian princes whose written language was Aramaic, and it became known as Beit 'Elaha' (House of God), a reference to the city's numerous temples. Among the gods honoured were the Sumero-Akkadian god Nergal, Hermes (Greek), Atargatis (Aramean), al-Lat and Shamiyah (Arabian), and Shamash, the Mesopotamian sun god. Built in a circular plan of military tradition, Hatra was able to turn back many attacks, including sieges by Roman forces in 116/117 (led by Trajan) and 198/199 (led by Septimius Severus). About AD 240, however, the city fell before the Sasanian ruler Shapur I (reigned c. 240272) and was destroyed. According to legend, al-Nadira, the daughter of the king of Hatra, betrayed the city and permitted Shapur I to conquer it, slay the king, and later marry her. (Tradition also holds that Shapur I soon killed his bride, however.) German archaeologists systematically studied the site between 1907 and 1911, and important Iraqi investigations were undertaken from the mid-20th century. Hatra is the best preserved and most informative example of a Parthian city. It is encircled by inner and outer walls nearly 4 miles (6.4 km) in circumference and supported by more than 160 towers. A temenos (temple enclosure) surrounds the principal sacred buildings in the city's centre. The temples cover some 3 acres (1.2 hectares) and are dominated by the Great Temple, an enormous structure with vaults and columns that once rose to 100 feet (30 metres). Numerous sculptures and statues have also been discovered in the city. In 1985 Hatra was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site. A major restoration project was supported by the Iraqi government in the 1990s.