HENBANE

(Hyoscyamus niger), any plant of the family Solanaceae (q.v.), indigenous to Great Britain and found growing wild in waste places and on rubbish heaps. It also occurs in central and southern Europe and in western Asia extending to India and Siberia, and has long been naturalized in the United States. There are two forms of the plant, an annual and a biennial. The annual grows during the summer to a height of 30 to 60 centimetres (1 to 2 feet) and then flowers and sets seed. The biennial produces during the first season only a tuft of basal leaves, which disappear in winter, leaving underground a thick fleshy root, from the crown of which arises in spring a branched flowering stem, usually much taller and more vigorous than the flowering stems of the annual plants. The whole henbane plant has a powerful, nauseous odour. Commercial henbane, which consists of the dried leaves of Hyoscyamus niger and sometimes of H. muticus, of Egypt, yields three dangerous drugs: atropine (q.v.), hyoscyamine, and scopolamine (q.v.). Among the major suppliers of these leaves are Hungary, Egypt, and the United States, all of which grow it commercially. In France another species of henbane, H. albus, is used for the same purpose. The leaves of H. niger are used in illicit preparations of smoking mixtures and, in India, as a beverage. The seeds, which contain more alkaloid than the foliage, have also been used in India as a remedy for toothache. Medical use of henbane is complicated by the fact that the leaves contain varying amounts of the narcotics listed above. The isolated and purified drugs derived from henbane, particularly the biennial forms, are valuable remedies for spasmodic muscular contractions, nervous irritation, and hysteria.