HUMMEL, JOHANN NEPOMUK

born Nov. 14, 1778, Pozsony, Hung. [now Bratislava, Slovakia] died Oct. 17, 1837, Weimar, Thuringia Austrian composer and outstanding virtuoso pianist during the period of transition from Classical to Romantic musical styles. Hummel studied at an early age with Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, at whose house in Vienna he lived for two years. Later, accompanied by his father, he toured Germany, The Netherlands, and England for four years as a child-prodigy pianist. In England he studied a year with Muzio Clementi. Returning to Vienna in 1793, he took instruction from J.G. Albrechtsberger, Joseph Haydn, and Antonio Salieri. From 1804 to 1811 he was chapelmaster to the Esterhzy family (a post formerly held by Haydn). After further successes as a pianist and teacher, he became chapelmaster at Weimar (1819). Hummel's most important compositions are his piano works, consisting of trios, sonatas, rondos, and six concerti, all elegant in style and virtuosic in their melodic writing and ornamentation. Fluent, clear in texture, and well-suited to the light Viennese piano action of his day, these works nevertheless lack the emotional depth and coherence evident in the works of Hummel's great contemporary rival, Ludwig van Beethoven. Hummel also composed nine operas, three masses, a mandolin concerto, and chamber works, notably the Septet in D Minor. He made innovations in fingering methods, published in his Klavierschule (Piano School) in 1828.