HUXLEY, T.H

Additional reading Adrian Desmond, Huxley: The Devil's Disciple (1994), and its companion volume, Huxley: Evolution's High Priest (1994), also published together as Huxley: From Devil's Disciple to Evolution's High Priest (1997), is an accessible biography that explains Huxley's agnostic and evolutionary crusade against the industrializing and professionalizing Victorian backdrop. It supersedes Leonard Huxley, Life and Letters of Thomas Henry Huxley, 2 vol. (1900, reprinted 1979), which was written by Huxley's son and is still useful, though it was designed to meet older needs. Cyril Bibby, T.H. Huxley: Scientist, Humanist, and Educator (1959), is valuable on Huxley's role as a teacher and administrator. James G. Paradis, T.H. Huxley: Man's Place in Nature (1978), locates Huxley in the humanist culture of his day; and Mario A. di Gregorio, T.H. Huxley's Place in Natural Science (1984), concentrates on Huxley's zoological studies. Adrian Desmond, Archetypes and Ancestors: Palaeontology in Victorian London, 18501875 (1982), focuses more specifically on Huxley's understanding of evolution and fossils. J. Vernon Jensen, Thomas Henry Huxley: Communicating for Science (1991), discusses Huxley's rhetoric. Alan P. Barr (ed.), Thomas Henry Huxley's Place in Science and Letters: Centenary Essays (1997), is a collection of specialist essays looking at all aspects of Huxley's life and thought. Adrian J. Desmond Major Works: Collected Essays, 9 vol. (189394), are beautifully written period articles. It was for these prose gems that Huxley was called by H.L. Mencken "perhaps the greatest virtuoso of plain English who has ever lived." Famous for their sturdy English and suave cajoling, they show Huxley edging the Victorians toward a secular nonmiraculous worldview. The Essays contain what is perhaps Huxley's most famous book, which introduced the idea of our ape ancestry, Evidence as to Man's Place in Nature (1863). A series of workingmen's talks popularizing Charles Darwin's ideas was published as On Our Knowledge of the Causes of the Phenomena of Organic Nature (1862). The Collected Essays originally appeared in book form as Lay Sermons, Addresses, and Reviews (1870), Critiques and Addresses (1873), American Addresses (1877), Science and Culture (1882), Social Diseases and Worse Remedies (1891), and Essays upon Some Controverted Questions (1892). Huxley also published Hume (1878). His introductory science books were Lessons in Elementary Physiology (1866), Physiography (1877), Introductory Science Primer (1880), and The Crayfish: An Introduction to the Study of Zoology (1880). T.H. Huxley and H.N. Martin, A Course of Practical Instruction in Elementary Biology (1875), introduced the new laboratory techniques. His advanced monographs and textbooks include The Oceanic Hydrozoa (1859), Lectures on the Elements of Comparative Anatomy (1864), A Manual of the Anatomy of Vertebrated Animals (1871), and A Manual of the Anatomy of Invertebrated Animals (1877). Huxley's zoological papers were collected in Michael Foster and E. Ray Lankester (eds.), The Scientific Memoirs of Thomas Henry Huxley, 5 vol. (18981903). Julian Huxley (ed.), T.H. Huxley's Diary of the Voyage of H.M.S. Rattlesnake (1935), was edited from his unpublished manuscript. Adrian J. Desmond