IDRIS IBN RAJA ISKANDAR, SULTAN

born 1849, Perak, Malaya died Jan. 14, 1916, Kuala Kangsar, Federated Malay States sultan of Perak, 18871916. Idris succeeded to the throne of Perak only 13 years after the British had declared a protectorate over the state. He reigned during a crucial and formative period in its history, during which it became a part of the unified Federated Malay States administration and saw vast increases in population, especially from immigrant Chinese and Indians, and in economic growth, from the export of tin and rubber. Of all the sultans in Malaya at the time, Idris was certainly the most influential and probably the most able. Though handicapped by his position as a ward of the British, and by his training as a Malay aristocrat of the old school, he strove to adapt himself to the times and to the needs of his rapidly changing state and its peoples. One of his principal concerns was education. It was no accident that the two leading higher educational institutions in the peninsula for Malaysthe Malay College, providing education in English to the sons of the elite, and the Sultan Idris Training College for vernacular schoolteachershad close associations with him; the first was established under his auspices in the royal town of Kuala Kangsar, and the second (also in Perak) was named after him. Idris was noted as a strong defender of state, as opposed to federal, rights (resisting, for example, the institution of a common purse) and a staunch advocate of increased Malay participation in the ranks of the administration. He recognized, however, that his state was rapidly becoming multiracial, and the outpouring of addresses and other tributes offered to him by representatives of all communities and groups on the occasion of his silver jubilee in 1912 was testimony to the wide extent of the respect and affection in which he was held.