IJMA'

(Arabic: agreeing upon, or consensus), the universal and infallible agreement of the Muslim community, especially of Muslim scholars on any Islamic principle, at any time. The consensusbased on the Hadith (sayings of Muhammad), My people will never agree in an errorconstitutes the third of the four sources of Islamic jurisprudence, the usul al-fiqh (q.v.). In effect, ijma' has been the most important factor in defining the meaning of the other usul and thus in formulating the doctrine and practice of the Muslim community. In Muslim history ijma' has always had reference to consensuses reached in the past, near or remote, and never to contemporaneous agreement. It is thus a part of traditional authority and has from an early date represented the Muslim community's acknowledgment of the authority of the beliefs and practices of Muhammad's city of Medina. Ijma' also has come to operate as a principle of toleration of different traditions within Islam. It thus allows, for example, the four legal schools (madhabs) equal authority and has probably validated many non-Muslim practices taken into Islam by converts. In modern Muslim usage, ijma' has lost its association with traditional authority and appears as a democratic institution and an instrument of reform.