ILEUM

final and longest segment of the small intestine. It is specifically responsible for the absorption of vitamin B12 and the reabsorption of conjugated bile salts. The ileum is about 4 m (13 feet) in length and extends from the jejunum (the middle section of the small intestine) to the ileocecal valve, which empties into the colon (large intestine). The ileum is suspended from the abdominal wall by the mesentery. The smooth muscle of the ileum's walls is thinner than the walls of other parts of the intestines, and its peristaltic contractions are slower. The ileum's lining is also less permeable than that of the upper small intestine. Small collections of lymphatic tissue (Peyer's patches) are embedded in the ileal wall, and specific receptors for bile salts and vitamin B12 are contained exclusively in its lining; about 90 percent of the conjugated bile salts in the intestinal contents is absorbed by the ileum. Two percent of all humans are born with a congenital ileum malformation, called Meckel's diverticulum, which consists of a side channel of up to 5 cm (2 inches) in length extending from the intestinal wall. The malformation occurs when the duct leading from the navel to the small intestine in the fetus fails to atrophy and close. It then causes intestinal bleeding and inflammation and is usually surgically removed when discovered. Injury or disease affecting the terminal ileum produces vitamin B12 deficiency and extensive diarrhea, the latter resulting from the interference of bile salts on water absorption in the large intestine.