INGOLSTADT

city, Bavaria Land (state), southern Germany. It lies along the Danube and Schutter rivers. First mentioned in 806 as a crown estate, villa Ingoldestat, it was chartered in 1250 and became a ducal seat in 1392. The duchy of Bavaria-Ingolstadt passed to the Bavaria-Landshut line in 1447 and to the Bavaria-Munich line of the Wittelsbachs in 1503. The University of Munich, which was important in the German humanist movement and in the Counter-Reformation, was founded in Ingolstadt in 1472 but was moved to Landshut in 1800 and to Munich in 1826. A garrison and fortress town in the 19th century, Ingolstadt was damaged considerably in World War II but, with reconstruction, has expanded rapidly. The old town is partly surrounded by 14th-century walls, including the picturesque Cross Gate, and there are many medieval houses and churches. The city's notable landmarks are the massive brick late Gothic Cathedral of Our Lady (14251500), the ducal castle (1420), which houses a military museum, the former university buildings, and the late Baroque Church of Maria de Victoria (173236). A ring of parks separates the old town from the surrounding industrial and residential districts. Ingolstadt is a centre for heavy industry, rail traffic, and petroleum refining. Oil pipelines link it to Genoa and Trieste (Italy) and Marseilles (France). Pop. (1995 est.) 110,910.