INSULATOR

any of various substances that block or retard the flow of electrical or thermal currents. Although an electrical insulator is ordinarily thought of as a nonconducting material, it is in fact better described as a poor conductor or a substance of high resistance to the flow of electric current. Different insulating and conducting materials are compared with each other in this regard by means of a material constant known as resistivity. See also semiconductor. Electrical insulators are used to hold conductors in position, separating them from one another and from surrounding structures. They form a barrier between energized parts of an electric circuit and confine the flow of current to wires or other conducting paths as desired. The insulation of electrical circuits is a necessary requirement for the successful operation of all electrical and electronic apparatus. Various types of materials are used as electrical insulators, the selection being made primarily on the basis of the specific requirements of each application. The copper conductors utilized in the electrical wiring of homes and industrial plants are insulated from each other and from the building by rubber or plastics. Overhead power lines are supported on porcelain insulators that are unaffected by outdoor exposure. Large electric generators and motors that operate at high voltages and high temperatures are frequently insulated with mica. In some applications, solid insulation is employed in conjunction with liquid or gaseous insulation. In high-voltage transformers, for example, solid insulation provides mechanical rigidity, while oil or other liquid substances contribute to increased insulation strength and serve to remove heat from the equipment. In the microscopic structures of integrated circuits, insulating materials such as silicon nitride may be employed in thicknesses as small as a micron. Thermal insulating materials include fibreglass, cork, and rock wool, a mineral wool that is produced by blowing a jet of steam through molten siliceous rock or limestone or through slag. These and other substances of low thermal conductivity retard the rate of heat flow. They break up the heat-flow path by their opacity to radiant heat and by interposing numerous air spaces. Thermal conductivity is usually not constant for any given material but varies with temperature. Conductivity decreases with increasing temperature in most metals and other crystalline solids, but it increases in amorphous substances such as glass.