ITHACA

Modern Greek Ithki, the second smallest of the seven main Ionian Islands, in the noms (department) of Kefallina, Greece. (The smallest is Paxos.) With an area of 37 square miles (96 square km), Ithaca consists of two limestone masses connected by a narrow, peninsula that curves to form the head of a gulf facing the Greek mainland. The island is separated from the island of Cephallenia to the west by the Ithkis Channel, approximately 2.5 miles (4 km) in width. With little arable land, Ithaca must import grain, but some olive oil, wine, and currants are produced. The island was devastated by the earthquake of 1953 but was rebuilt. Ithki (Vath), the chief place and port of the island, is well protected at the head of a narrow, deep, horseshoe-shaped inlet of the gulf. The island owes its fame almost solely to its classical associations, almost no mention of it appearing in writings of the Middle Ages. As late as AD 1504 it was almost uninhabited following depredations by corsairs, and the Venetians had to grant incentives to settlers from neighbouring islands and the mainland to repopulate it. Although its identity with the Ithaca of the legendary hero Odysseus has been disputed by scholars, the island appears to be described in the Odyssey with considerable coincidence of topographic detail. The Homeric Fountain of Arethusa has been identified with a copious spring rising at the foot of a sea cliff at the island's southeastern extremity, and counterparts have been sought for such Homeric locales as Mt. Neritos, Mt. Neion, the harbour of Phorcys, the town and palace of Odysseus, and the cave of the Naiads. Some authorities place the Homeric town on an inlet on the northwestern coast of the island, others at Ats on the isthmus. No amount of ingenuity, however, can fully reconcile the descriptions in the Odyssey with the present topography. It has been suggested that the Homeric Ithaca should be identified with Leucas (q.v.) and that the name may have been transferred through a migration of the inhabitants. Excavations by the British School at Athens at Polis, Ats, and elsewhere have confirmed occupation during the appropriate period, the Mycenaean, but nothing can be identified positively with Homeric localities. These same excavations revealed traces also of a Corinthian colony (c. 800 BC) at Ats. Pop. (1981) island, 3,646; port, 2,037. city, seat (1817) of Tompkins county, south-central New York, U.S. It lies at the southern end of Cayuga Lake (one of the Finger Lakes), 55 miles (89 km) southwest of Syracuse. Within the city are picturesque gorges cut by several creeks. Founded in 1789 by Simeon DeWitt, surveyor general of New York, it had formerly been a part of the military tract granted in 1782 to veterans of the American Revolution. Named Ithaca (for the ancient Greek island) in 1795, it developed as an agricultural and lumber centre. Its growth was stimulated by the establishment there of Cornell University (founded by businessman Ezra Cornell in 1865) and Ithaca College (1892). Located at a southern terminus of the New York State Canal System, Ithaca has acquired some industry, including the manufacture of chain drives and belting, cash register receipt printers, blood-flow meters, and pharmaceuticals; dairying and salt production are also important. Ithaca is a southern gateway to the Finger Lakes recreational area, and tourism enhances the economy. The 215-foot- (66-metre-) high Taughannock Falls are in a nearby state park. Inc. village, 1821; city, 1888. Pop. (1990) 29,541; (1998 est.) 28,172.