IVORY CARVING

the carving or shaping of ivory into sculptures, ornaments, and decorative or utilitarian articles. Elephant tusks have been the main source of ivory used for such carvings, although the tusks of walrus and other ivory-bearing mammals have also been worked. From ancient times ivory has been considered an article of luxury because of its qualities of fine grain, creamy light colour, smooth texture, and soft lustre. Ivory has been carved in such widely varied cultures as those of ancient Egypt, China, Japan, and India. In the West the use of ivory can be traced almost continuously from prehistoric times through the Roman, Carolingian, Byzantine, Gothic, Renaissance, and Baroque periods up until modern times. Until about 1900 all ivory carvers used much the same tools: an ax, adz, or chisel for removing the outer bark, or rind, from the tusk; a bucksaw or bow saw for cutting the trunk of the tusk into sections; a special tool called a float for paring the surface; and hand chisels, fretsaws, and gauges for actually carving the piece. The great change came with power-driven rotary saws for cutting and peeling the ivory and with dental drills for carving it easily and quickly. These machine tools spread from Europe to Asia in the mid-20th century and are now in universal use for carving ivory.