JOHNSON, ANDREW

born Dec. 29, 1808, Raleigh, N.C., U.S. died July 31, 1875, near Carter Station, Tenn. Andrew Johnson. 17th president of the United States (186569), who took office upon the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln during the closing months of the American Civil War (186165). His lenient Reconstruction policies toward the South embittered the Radical Republicans in Congress and led to his political downfall. Additional reading The personal and official writings of Johnson are collected in LeRoy P. Graf et al. (eds.), The Papers of Andrew Johnson (1967 ).Biographical works include Robert W. Winston, Andrew Johnson, Plebeian and Patriot (1928, reprinted 1987); Lloyd Paul Stryker, Andrew Johnson: A Study in Courage (1929, reissued 1971); Lately Thomas, The First President Johnson (1968), which treats both his family life and political career; James E. Sefton, Andrew Johnson and the Uses of Constitutional Power (1980), which attributes Johnson's actions to his unyielding and deep-rooted political philosophy rather than to racism; and Hans L. Trefousse, Andrew Johnson: A Biography (1989), which portrays him as an obstacle to racial progress and positive social change. Brooks D. Simpson, The Reconstruction Presidents (1998), treats Lincoln and Johnson comparatively. A once popular and widely read older interpretation of Johnson's time is Claude G. Bowers, The Tragic Era: The Revolution After Lincoln (1929, reissued 1930). A novel based on Johnson's life is Noel Bertram Gerson, The Yankee from Tennessee (1968). Eric L. McKitrick, Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction (1960, reprinted 1988); and Albert Castel, The Presidency of Andrew Johnson (1979), offer critical overall assessments of Johnson's presidency. Various aspects are explored in LaWanda Cox and John H. Cox, Politics, Principle, and Prejudice, 18651866: Dilemma of Reconstruction America (1963, reissued 1976), finding racial prejudice to be the foundation of much of the political action and organization of the post-Civil War era; William Ranulf Brock, An American Crisis: Congress and Reconstruction, 18651867 (1963); Martin E. Mantell, Johnson, Grant, and the Politics of Reconstruction (1973); Michael Les Benedict, A Compromise of Principle: Congressional Republicans and Reconstruction, 18631869 (1974), on the struggles between Radical and non-Radical Republicans; Patrick W. Riddleberger, 1866: The Critical Year Revisited (1979, reprinted 1984), on the importance and significance of the 1866 congressional election; and David Warren Bowen, Andrew Johnson and the Negro (1989), tracing the growth of Johnson's positions toward slavery and race and how these attitudes influenced his actions during Reconstruction. The Great Impeachment and Trial of Andrew Johnson (1868, reprinted 1974), contains the entire proceedings of the articles of impeachment voted against Johnson and the subsequent trial. Milton Lomask, Andrew Johnson: President on Trial (1960, reprinted 1973), argues that the Radical Republicans were attempting to revise the basic structure of the federal government by initiating Johnson's impeachment. Michael Les Benedict, The Impeachment and Trial of Andrew Johnson (1973), examines the legal aspects of his impeachment and trial and analyzes the motives of the congressmen who voted for acquittal despite a strong case for removing the president from office. Hans L. Trefousse, Impeachment of a President: Andrew Johnson, the Blacks, and Reconstruction (1975), focuses on the motives behind the impeachment and the effects of the acquittal on the efforts of the Radicals to bring about change in the South. A presentation that centres on the drama of Johnson's ordeal is Gene Smith, High Crimes and Misdemeanors: The Impeachment Trial of Andrew Johnson (1977). William H. Rehnquist, Grand Inquests: The Historic Impeachments of Justice Samuel Chase and President Andrew Johnson (1992), seeks to show that the impeachment process should not be used as a means to dispute policies but rather as an accusation of misconduct. Richard B. McCaslin (compiler), Andrew Johnson (1992), provides an annotated bibliography of more than 2,000 items.